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Political Psychology: Citizen Behaviors and Opinions

Political Psychology: Citizen Behaviors and Opinions. Lecture 2 Obedience to authority. Program. Variants of the Milgram experiment Explanation of obedience Milgram, 50 years later. Variants of the Milgram experiment. Lecture 2 Obedience to authority. Experiment #2. Experiment #2.

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Political Psychology: Citizen Behaviors and Opinions

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  1. Political Psychology:Citizen Behaviors and Opinions Lecture 2 Obedience to authority

  2. Program • Variants of the Milgram experiment • Explanation of obedience • Milgram, 50 years later

  3. Variants of the Milgram experiment Lecture 2 Obedience to authority

  4. Experiment #2

  5. Experiment #2 • Prediction of psychiatrists: • mean maximum shock = 120 volts • 0,125% will go up to 450 volts

  6. Experiment #2 • Results : • mean maximum shock = 375 volts • 25/40 (63%) go up to 450 volts

  7. Experiment #11 • Choice of shock level • mean maximum shock = 75 volts • 1/40 (3%) administer 450 volts

  8. Experiment #11

  9. Experiment #8 • Women • mean maximum shock = 375 volts • 26/40 (65%) go up to 450 volts

  10. Experiment #5 • Yale basement, less luxurious • mean maximum shock = 375 volts • 26/40 (65%) go up to 450 volts

  11. Experiment #10 • Private run-down building • mean maximum shock = 315 volts • 19/40 (48%) go up to 450 volts

  12. Experiment #3 • Victim in the same room • mean maximum shock = 315 volts • 16/40 (40%) go up to 450 volts

  13. Experiment #4 • Contact with the victim • mean maximum shock = 270 volts • 12/40 (30%) go up to 450 volts

  14. Experiment #7 • Distance of experimenter • mean maximum shock = 270 volts • 9/40 (21%) go up to 450 volts

  15. Experiment #12 • Learner demands shocks • mean maximum shock = 150 volts • 0/40 (0%) go up to 450 volts

  16. Experiment #13

  17. Experiment #13 • Ordinary experimenter • mean maximum shock = 240 volts • 4/40 (20%) go up to 450 volts

  18. Experiment #14

  19. Experiment #14 • Ordinary experimenter, scientist victim • mean maximum shock = 150 volts • 0/40 (0%) go up to 450 volts

  20. Experiment #15

  21. Experiment #15 • Conflict between 2 experimenters • mean maximum shock = 150 volts • 0/40 (0%) go up to 450 volts

  22. Experiment #16

  23. Experiment #16 • Two scientists: one is the victim, one is the experimenter • mean maximum shock = 360 volts • 13/20 (65%) go up to 450 volts

  24. Experiment #17

  25. Experiment #17 • Division of tasks: revolt • mean maximum shock = 240 volts • 4/40 (10%) go up to 450 volts

  26. Experiment #18

  27. Experiment #18 • Division of tasks: conformity • mean maximum shock = 405 volts • 37/40 (93%) go up to 450 volts

  28. Explanation of obedience Lecture 2 Obedience to authority

  29. Two modes • Individual mode • Organizational mode (agentic state)

  30. Factors that favor obedience • Antecedent conditions • Family • Institutional setting • Rewards • Immediate conditions • Perception of authority • Entry into the authority system • Link between command and function • Overarching ideology

  31. Agentic state • Properties and consequences • Tuning • Redefined meaning of the situation • Loss of responsibility • Deactivation of self-image • Binding factors • Sequential nature of the action • Situational obligations • Anxiety

  32. Milgram, 50 years later Lecture 2 Obedience to authority

  33. Milgram, 50 years later • A product of a particular era (1960s) and a particular country (USA)? • The equivalent of a genocide? • Ethics committees

  34. The US, after Milgram • 9 studies, 1967 to 1976 • Average obedience rate: 61% • ABC news, 2007: 65%

  35. The world, after Milgram • 9 studies, 1968 to 1985 • Australia (40%), Austria (80%), England (50%), India (43%), Italy (85%), Jordan (63%), South Africa (88%), Spain (50%), and West Germany (85%). • French film, 2010: 81%

  36. The world, after Milgram

  37. Like a genocide? • Minus the propaganda, minus the threat of coercion. • Extra close supervision. • Subsidiary task.

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