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Understanding Psychology: Key Concepts, History, and Ethical Practices

This chapter introduces psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It outlines the goals of psychology, including description, understanding, prediction, and control of behavior. The chapter covers the historical development of psychology from structuralism to cognitive psychology, as well as the distinctions between various professions in the field, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, and social workers. It emphasizes the importance of ethics in research, including do no harm, voluntary participation, and confidentiality.

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Understanding Psychology: Key Concepts, History, and Ethical Practices

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  1. Introduction to Psychology Chapter 1 Talbot

  2. What is Psychology? • The ________________ study of __________ & ____________processes. • Science implies ___________. • Scientific observation • Research method • Behavior • Mental Processes

  3. Psychology’s Goals • Describe – name or classify • Understand – Why? • Predict – forecast behavior • Control – alter conditions that influence behavior

  4. Kitty Genovese & Bystander Apathy (March 13th, 1964) Winston Moseley

  5. History (as a field of study) • Outgrowth of ____________. • As a science started around 1879. • Willhelm Wundt • Structuralism • Functionalism • Behaviorism • Gestalt • Psychodynamic • Humanistic – Hierarchy of Needs • Cognitive

  6. Psychology as a Profession • Psychologist v. Psychiatrist • Psychologist • Psychiatrist • Counselor & Social Worker • BEWARE of the “clinician”.

  7. Professional issues • APA – American Psychological Association • State and Federal Licensing Boards • Ethics/ Ethical guidelines • Levels of training and competency • Respect for dignity, privacy, confidentiality (HIPAA). • Protection from harm.

  8. Scientific Method • Observation • Define the problem (Operationally define) • Reliability • Validity • Propose a hypothesis (?) • Gather evidence • Publish results • Theory build

  9. How do we gather the data? • Survey • Case study/ Clinical method • Naturalistic Observation • Hawthorne effect, Observer Bias, • Correlational Observation • Three possibilities • Correlational Coefficients • Experimental method – Cause and Effect • Independent Variable Dependent Variable • Experimenter effect • Control • Placebo effect • Random Sampling

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  12. Ethics in research • Do no harm • Describe risks • Ensure participation is voluntary • Minimize discomfort • Maintain confidentiality • Use deception only when necessary • Debrief • Provide results • Treat with dignity and respect

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