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EN 12312-3 Occupational safety and health point of view:

CEN_TC274 WGRev N 184. EN 12312-3 Occupational safety and health point of view: Ground handling employees are exposed to a high level of risk of word related musculoskeletal disorders. International bibliography .

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EN 12312-3 Occupational safety and health point of view:

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  1. CEN_TC274 WGRev N 184 EN 12312-3 Occupational safety and health point of view: Ground handling employees are exposed to a high level of risk of word related musculoskeletal disorders

  2. International bibliography • Baggage handling is «almost » entirely mechanised…but baggage handling employees « bridge » the gap between the disjoined mechanical systems; Baggage handling employees are injured. • Manual handling of baggage is the first and the main cause of ill health in airports of several countries • 2 / 3 of ramp handlers who load baggage and cargo in airplanes bulk cargo holds complain MSDs. They are exposed to high stress and high physical load.

  3. International bibliography The key factors are: • the workplace design, • the organization of work (time pressures, stress), • the distribution of the workload, • mechanization doesn’t eliminate baggage manual handling, • weight of pieces of baggage and mass daily handled are excessive

  4. International bibliography An analysis of manual handling of baggage using standards EN 1005-2 and EN ISO 11228-1 shows that the baggage should weigh between 3 and 16 kg (depending on the workstations) to comply with these standards (see bibliography-TNO report).

  5. International bibliography Preventive measures have been evaluated: • the physical training and “gestures and postures”, the lumbar belt restraints, had no effect on accidents and lost working days; • the use of devices providing mechanical assistance have reduced exposure to manual handling risk factors. Ageing populations and anthropometric factors (narrow workspace that can not be enlarged) require an improvement of workstations and the introduction of mechanical handling aids.

  6. International HS studies and collection of various companies’data A major European Company : Note: not a French one… • average 7.5-9.5% absenteeism in the baggage handling employees population; • ~60% work-related musculoskeletal complaints

  7. International HS studies and collection of various companies’data Musculoskeletal symptom reports (in UK HSE research report RR675) • musculoskeletal symptom questionnaire results provide evidence that the current baggage handling methods are physically demanding • 73% of handlers reporting trouble with their lower back in the past 3-months, • 51% reporting trouble in their knees • 43% reporting trouble in their shoulders. • Compared to other (Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire) data from physically demanding tasks, baggage handling produced the highest prevalence rates for trouble experienced in the last three months/year. • A high prevalence of trouble in the lower back, knees, shoulder and neck.

  8. International HS studies and collection of various companies’data French Studies: (CRAMIF, 2007-2010) • Many musculoskeletal ill-health risks identified • 85% employees complain pain (50% two pains ore more) / have MSD symptoms. • lower back pain: 59%, neck 19%, shoulder 52%, and knees 34%

  9. International HS studies and collection of various companies’data French Studies: (CRAMIF, 2007-2010) • High frequency of occupational illness and accident: An average frequency of 155 accidents with absence for 1000 employees in baggage ramp assistance companies in 2005 (Orly + Roissy airports). More than half of the injuries are musculoskeletal disorders related. • Eg.: Ramp assistance company in Orly airport: • 2006-2008: 438 working days lost • 60% of the troubles are due to baggage load/unload

  10. Average duration of MSD-related absenteism and direct cost for the compagniesFrench occupational safety and health insurrance data Upper limb: 200 days 20 000 € Back pain300 days 46 000 € lower limb 100 - 160 days 14 000 € + indirect costs…

  11. Analysis based on existing European and international standard for manual handling EN ISO 11228-1 • Recommendations very far from the observed working conditions, which lead us to propose increasing the requirements of paragraph "ergonomics“ of 12312-3. • EN ISO 11228-1 recommends, if the weights limits are exceeded, measures to limit manual handling, or adapt the task so as to reduce risks and improve the manual handling (for eg. mechanical/powered lifting devices or handling aids).

  12. Analysis based on existing European and international standards for manual handling: EN ISO 11228-1 • Analysis based on paragraphs 4.3.1.1 (vertical manual handling) and 4.3.2.2 (horizontal), leads to the following limits: For baggage of 15kg, max frequency of 5 to 8 baggage per minuteFor baggage 23/25kg, 1 bag per minute max. …and a limitation of 2 hour/day for handling with vertical displacements The weights considered are “real peace weights”, not averages. So one bag. of 25 kg is sufficient to limit the frequency to 1 bag per minute • Application of the formula (paragraph A7): see TNO report…

  13. Weights of baggages handledCRAMIF 2007 Plage des masses manutentionnées selon nos observations Masse maxi concept au poids première classe Masse maxi concept au poids classe affaire et USA Masse maxi concept au poids classe éco Masse moyenne des bagages (réf. JAR OPS 1 620)

  14. Bibliography • Service on the ground : Occupational health of airport check-in workers or The insecurities of Service, Roskam H., Drewczynski A., Bertolini R., ITF, BIT et CCHST, Genève, 2005, 66p. • Belastung und Beanspruchung von Flugzeugabfertigern eines, Rohmert W. ; Lowenthal I. ; Ruckert A., Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin, Präventivmedizin, République fédérale d'Allemagne, volume 24, no 3, mars 1989, pages 47 à 52. • Back complaints and findings in transport workers performing physically heavy work , Undeutsch K. et All., Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Finlande, volume 8, supplément 1, 1982, p. 92 à 96. • Manual handling operations : baggage handling at airports, HSE Information Sheet. Air Transport Information Sheet 2. Health and Safety Executive, Sudbury, Royaume-Uni, 1996, 4p. • Ergonomic research study on aircraft luggage handling, Rückert A., Rohmert W., Pressel G., Ergonomics, Vol. 35, n°9, p997-1012. • International health limits for manual lifting and carrying of passengers baggage at Schiphol airport , Douwes M., TNO work and employment, Hoofddorp, Pays Bas, sept 2005, 20p. • An evaluation of a weightlifting belt and back injury prevention training class for airline baggage handlers, Reddell C.R.; Congleton J.J.; Huchingson R.D.; Montgomery J.F., Applied Ergonomics, Royaume-Uni, volume 23, no 5, octobre 1992, p. 319-329. • Towards successful physical stress reducing products : an evaluation of seven cases, De Looze M.P. ; Urlings I.J.M. ; Vink P. ; Van Rhijn J.W. ; et coll. , Applied Ergonomics, Royaume-Uni, volume 32, n° 5, octobre 2001, p.525-534. • Reducing the risk associated with the manual handling of air passenger baggage for narrow bodied aircraft, literature review update, HSE RR 674, janvier 2009, 25p. • Musculoskeletal ill-health risks for airport baggage handlers, report on a stakeholder projet at East Midlands Airport, HSE RR 675, janvier 2009, 94p. • Baggage Handling in 2020, introduction of new working methods at KLM, nov. 2009.

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