The Union Severed: Organizing for War and the Tide Turns, 1861-1865

1. 13 The Union Severed

2. The Union Severed • Organizing for War • Clashing on the Battlefield, 1861 to 1862 • The Tide Turns, 1863 to 1865 • Changes Wrought by War • Conclusion: An Uncertain Future

3. Organizing for War

4. Enlistment • Reasons varied • Relief after long indecision • Employment • Loyalty • Not all sympathize with “their” side

5. The Balance of Resources • North • Greater white population • But same number of troops as South • Economic advantage • South • Dependent on imports • But had exports that might secure foreign goods

6. The Border States • Delaware only remained in the Union • Maryland • Crucial because of Washington, D.C. • Lincoln violates civil liberties • Kentucky and Maryland remain in Union

7. Secession of the Southern States

8. Organizing for War:Challenges of War • Confederation • Challenge of nation-building • Strong feeling of loyalty • Lincoln • Active presidency • Expanded role of executive • Davis • Had to restructure

9. Clashing on the Battlefield1861 to 1862

10. War in the East • Anaconda Plan • First Union plan • Blockades, victory through attrition • Lincoln wants a quicker war • First Bull Run, 1861 • Confederate victory, though not decisive • War in the East reaches stalemate

11. Eastern Theater of the Civil War, 1861–1862

12. War in the West • Western theater • Between Mississippi and Appalachians • Control of Mississippi vital • Native Americans join both sides • Shiloh • Widespread warfare • Including New Mexico, California

13. Trans-Mississippi Campaign of the Civil War

14. Naval Warfare • Union blockade • Not very successful • South attempts to use ironclads • Confederate raids on northern commerce • More successful

15. Cotton Diplomacy • European support decisive • Confederates dependent on need for cotton • But 1860-1861 saw a glut of cotton • But European powers slow to give support • North works to prevent support to Confederacy • Stay out of war

16. Problems and Solutions • Finance • Taxation • Borrowing • Printing money, leading to inflation • Armies lack volunteers • Both sides use the draft • Draft riots in New York, targeting blacks

17. Recruiting the Troops

18. Political Dissension, 1862 • South had no means of rallying support • Copperheads • Peace Democrats • Criticize the war • Lincoln criticized both for inaction and action

19. The Tide Turns1863 to 1865

20. The Emancipation Proclamation • Hard course to steer regarding emancipation • Hoped to placate border states • September, 1862, Emancipation Proclamation • Used victory at Antietam • Changed tenor of war, new commitment

21. A French View of Emancipation

22. Unanticipated Consequences • Union employs blacks as soldiers • 10% of Union Army • Most fugitives from slavery • But blacks receive unequal treatment • Some changes in white attitudes

23. Changing Strategies • Lee takes the offensive, summer of 1863 • Gettysburg, July 1, 1863 • Confederate defeat • Grant put in charge of Union armies • Grant plans a more decisive campaign

24. The Progress of War, 1861–1865

25. Changes Wrought by War

26. Matthew Brady

27. Matthew Brady, cont

28. A New South • States’ rights give way to centralization • Contrasting with ideology that led to war • Conscription Act of 1862 • Emancipation contemplated • Expansion of defense industries • Pressure on traditional class structure

29. The Impact of the War in the South

30. The Victorious North • Lincoln violates writ of habeas corpus • Changes to banking system • Farm increasingly mechanized • McCormick reapers popular • Manufacturing stimulated

31. On the Home Front, 1861-1865 • Support • Religious groups • Greater political involvement • Some grow rich: Rockefeller, Carnegie • South experienced more dislocation • Refugees • Food shortages

32. On the Home Front, 1861-1865 (cont'd) • Women • Many changes in roles • Nursing and other volunteer work • Sanitary Commission largely run by women

33. The Election of 1864 • Democrats nominate General McClellan • Call the war a failure • Claim the war’s goal had been derailed • Republicans nominate Lincoln • Capture of Atlanta brings support for Lincoln • Wins election

34. Why the North Won • Final months, following election • April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders • Grant’s strategy depended on greater manpower • Also more economic resources • South had more trouble supplying troops • Transportation system inadequate • Also lack of support from some states • Inflexible attitudes

35. The Costs of War • Painful legacy • High death rate from disease more than fighting • Many return home injured • Experiences in prison camps • Many find it hard to return to civilian life

36. Unanswered Questions • Slaves freed • But what rights would be extended to them? • Destroyed infrastructure • End to question of nullification • Lincoln calls for forgiveness • Assassinated, April 14, 1865

37. Conclusion:An Uncertain Future

38. Conclusion:An Uncertain Future • The Civil War ends • Mourning for Lincoln • Many mourn the loss of life • Drastic changes follow • Changes not apparent in 1865 to most • Important conflicts unresolved

39. Timeline