Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 Racial/Cultural Identity Development Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)

2. Racial/Cultural Identity Development Models • Created to define processes of identity transformations: • Cross (1971) Black Identity Development • Sue and Sue (1971) Chinese American • Kitano (1982) Japanese American • Ruiz (1990) Latino/a American Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)

3. Black Identity Development Model From a White to Black frame of reference: • Preencounter—Idealize Whites • Encounter—Crisis then shift of worldview • Immersion-Emersion—Black pride • Internalization—New and old identities resolved • Internalization-commitment—Social change Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)

4. Other Racial/Ethnic Identity Development Models Sue and Sue (1971) Chinese Americans: • Traditionalist, Marginal Person, Asian American Kitano (1982) Japanese Americans: • Positive-Positive, Negative-Positive, Positive-Negative, Negative-Negative Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)

5. Other Racial/Ethnic Identity Development Models (Cont’d) Ruiz (1990) Latino/a Americans: • Focus on specific Hispanic cultural groups • Marginal status correlated with maladjustment • Assimilation destructive to the individual • Pride correlated with positive mental health Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)

6. Feminist Identity Theory Patriarchy is responsible for women’s problems: • Passive acceptance—of traditional gender roles • Revelation—that prejudice exists; becomes angry • Embeddedness-emanation—develops close relationships with women and finds support • Synthesis—positive identity is formed • Active Commitment—making societal changes Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)

7. A Working Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model Understand self in relation to: • own group, • dominant group and the relationship between two groups Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)

8. A Working Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (Cont’d) • Conformity—Idealize White society • Dissonance—Conflict arises • Resistance and Immersion—Guilt, shame, anger at conformity—begins to develop positive self identity • Introspection—Feelings intensify—may become rigid • Integrative Awareness—Inner sense of security Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)

9. Social Work Implications of the R/CID Model • Sensitize social workers to role that oppression plays in person of color’s development • Social worker’s role to extend beyond office • Recognition of difference • Better prescriptive interventions • Potentially changing and developmental nature of cultural identity Multicultural Social Work Practice – Chapter (5)