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Alignment Angles

Alignment Angles. Now that you understand how important your wheels are, let’s look at some of the things that can drastically affect how your vehicle handle, and the life of your tires. ????.

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Alignment Angles

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  1. Alignment Angles

  2. Now that you understand how important your wheels are, let’s look at some of the things that can drastically affect how your vehicle handle, and the life of your tires ????

  3. Wheel Alignment is often confused with Wheel Balancing.  The two really have nothing to do with each other except for the fact that they affect ride and handling. VS

  4. Alignment: pre set angles built into the vehicle to maintain proper stability during various road conditions and speeds. It allows the tires roll without scuffing, slipping, or dragging under alloperating conditions.

  5. The angles we will be concentrating on are : Camber Caster Toe King-pin Inclination Turning Radius Tracking

  6.   Camber is the inward or outward tilt of the top of the tire, measured in degrees. This angle is viewed from the front of the vehicle. , If the camber is out of adjustment, it will cause tire wear on one side of the tire's tread Camber wear pattern

  7. Purposes of Camber • Prevent tire wear on the outer or the inner tread • To load the larger inner wheel bearing • To aid steering by placing vehicle weight on the inner end of the spindle

  8. ZERO CAMBER TRUE VERTICAL

  9. POSITIVE CAMBER POSITIVE CAMBER TRUE VERTICAL If the top of the wheel is leaning out from the center of the true vertical, then the camber is positive. Normally 1/4-1/2 ◦

  10. NEGATIVE CAMBER if the tire is leaning in, then the camber is negative. . If the camber is too far negative, then the tire will wear on the inside of the tread

  11. CAMBER If the camber is different from side to side it can cause a pulling problem. The vehicle will pull to the side with the more positive camber. On many front-wheel-drive vehicles, camber is not adjustable. If the camber is out on these cars, it indicates that something is worn or bent, possibly from an accident and must be repaired or replaced.

  12. CASTER Caster can be defined as the forward or rearward tilt of the projected steering axis from true vertical, as viewed from the side.

  13. Caster Measurement Measured in degrees, from true vertical

  14. Caster A shopping cart caster illustratesnegative caster

  15. RAKE ANGLE O n motor bikes the caster is known as the rake angle

  16. CASTER If the top of the pivot is leaning toward the rear of the car, then the caster is positive, if it is leaning toward the front, it is negative.

  17. CASTER / RAKE ANGLE The greater the rake angle the greater the straight line stability. The less the angle the quicker the handling response. In extreme cases a damper has to be fitted to a sport bike where the handling is so unstable as to be a problem.

  18. CASTER REAR-WHEEL DRIVE The front wheels, on a rear wheel drive car, are propelled forward by the thrust created from the driving wheels (the rear wheels push the front ones. A positive caster is used to on rear drive vehicles to create stability. REAR WHEEL DRIVE

  19. CASTER FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE Front wheel drive cars drag the rest of the car behind them. The driving torque provided by the front wheels pushes down on the front part of the tire. In order to achieve steering stability, negative caster is used. NEGATIVE CASTER

  20. Caster-Road Crown Effect Road crown is the normal slope toward the outer edge of the road surface

  21. Caster-Road Crown Effect • Road crown causes the weight of the vehicle to pull it away from the center of the road • Caster is commonly used to offset the effect of road crown • Right front wheel may be set with slightly more positive caster than the left • vehicle pulls toward the side with the most negative caster Caster does not affect tire wear

  22. TOE MEASUREMENT The toe measurement is the difference in the distance between the front of the tires and the back of the tires. It is measured in fractions of an inch in the US and is usually set close to zero which means that the wheels are parallel with each other.

  23. TOE MEASUREMENT There are two types of toe measurements: Toe-in exits when the distance at the front of the tires are less than the distance at the rear of the same tires.

  24. TOE-OUT MEASUREMENT Toe-out exists when the measurement at the front of the tires are greater than that of the rear of the same tires. front Toe-out

  25. TOE MEASUREMENT Toe measurement has the greatest effect on tire wear if it is out of specification.

  26. Rear-Wheel-Drive Toe Settings • Toe-in compensates for rolling resistance and steering system wear. • By adjusting the front wheels for a slight toe-in, the wheels and tires roll straight ahead when driving • Typical setting: • 1/16”–1/4” (1.6 mm–6 mm)

  27. Front-Wheel-Drive Toe Settings • Front wheels are pushed forward by engine torque, causing the wheels and tires to toe-in • To compensate for this action, front-wheel-drive vehicles normally have front wheels adjusted for a slight toe-out • Typical setting: • 1/16” (1.6 mm)

  28. Steering Axis Inclination • The angle, away from the vertical, formed by the inward tilt of the steering axis (ball joints, king pin, or MacPherson strut tube) • Aids directional stability by helping the steering wheel return to the straight-ahead position • Does not affect tire wear

  29. Toe-Out on Turns (Turning Radius) Advantage: when turningthe inner wheel turns at a greater angle than the outer wheel. When the vehicle is driven in a straight line the wheels are parallel. This allows for a shorter distance of travel in corners and reduces premature wear on the tires.

  30. Toe-Out on Turns • Eliminates tire scrubbing and squealing by keeping the tires rolling in the right direction during turns • Not an adjustable angle • If the angle is incorrect, it indicates bent or damaged steering parts

  31. Tracking • Position or direction of the two front wheels in relation to the two rear wheels • With proper tracking, the rear tires follow in the tracks of the front tires • With improper tracking, the rear tires do not follow the tracks of the front tires • increased tire wear, lower fuel economy and handling problems can result

  32. Tracking

  33. Prealignment Inspection Points • Check for the following: • loose wheel bearings • wheel or tire runout • worn tires • tires of different sizes and types • incorrect tire inflation • worn steering or suspension components • incorrect curb height and weight • incorrect cradle adjustment

  34. Reading Tire Wear

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