Rise of Europe Medieval/Dark Ages

1. Rise of EuropeMedieval/Dark Ages • 600-1450 AD

2. Results of the fall of Rome • Invaders overrun the old empire: (Mongols, Huns, Franks, Goths, etc.) • Inflation • People turn to the Church and local lords (nobles) for protection. • The development of Feudalism.

3. Why is it called the dark ages? • Trade is disrupted and money is scarce due to invasions so businesses and economic centers collapse. • Downfall of cities as administration centers. • Rural populations grow as cities are abandoned. • Decline of learning since Germanic invaders cannot read or write. • Loss of common language (Latin). • Government is not so much written law but tradition.

4. Feudalism • Definition: The system of political organization prevailing in Europe (9th-15th century). Based on the idea of lords granting parcels of land known as fiefs to lesser knights who are known as vassals, who in turn, provide military service to the lord • Simply: land and service in exchange for protection

6. This system was brought upon due to the fact that Rome leaving left a lack of stability. • People wanted protection against invaders.

7. This of course means Knights!!!

8. Manorialism • Definition: smallest economic social unit revolving around an estate, controlled by a lord, who gives land and protection to his serfs, who in turn give him their services.

10. Manors were self sufficient since serfs raised and produced nearly everything needed in the community. • Open field system allowed for several families to work on same parcel of land. • They were useful since trade was dangerous with the invaders. • They were modeled after Roman villas that had operated similarly.

11. Drawback • Serf life was horrible. • Not allowed to marry with put permission form lord. • Could not leave the manor • Starved often • Had many kids to have more workers. • Average age of death was in the 30’s • Slept with animals in house to keep warm • Very close to being considered slaves (could not be bought or sold)

13. The Church in the Middle Ages

14. Growth toward power • Rome used to be unified under one empire. When it collapsed their was a need to stability • The church filled this void. • Kings had manors and rural territories all over Europe. • However, they were all Catholic and therefore all answered to the Pope in Rome. • In Western Europe Christian=Catholic and no other choices existed

15. Missionaries spread the faith • People are unified by the common shared belief of Christianity. • The middle ages are often referred to as “The Age of Faith” • The church creates a system of justice (Canon Law) to regulate peoples conduct • They also appoint Charlemagne as Emperor

16. Charlemagne 742- 814 • Tall for his day 6Ft 4 in. • Was king of a group that were known as the Franks • They would eventually become modern day Frenchman • He was a devout Catholic and close to the church in Rome • He fought the muslim Moors in the south to keep them out of Europe • He fought the Saxons in the north to keep them out as well

17. The Pope in Rome Leo III was threatened by the Roman emperor. They tried to cut out his eyes and tongue. • He escaped and went to France to get Charlemagne’s help. • Charlemagne went with an army to Italy and was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. • This set up the connection between the Catholic church and the Kings of Europe

20. Church at the Local Level • The church was the center of the community. • Basically all hospitals are run by the church. • all festival and social gatherings were centered around the church. • Average life was so bad that Heaven was a sought after release.

21. The Great Schism 1054 AD • This is what divides Eastern and Western churches in to Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox • You also have 2 popes claiming authority. • One pope is in Avignon France and the other is in Rome. Both Excommunicate (banish from church) the other.

24. You also have John Wycliff and Jan Huss Challenge the Pope’s authority. • Wycliff: God is sole authority • Huss: Bible higher authority than Pope • Thomas Aquinas: (1225-1274) “Truth is reason and faith” • This will eventually lead to the big challenge to the Pope during the Reformation (this is a later chapter )

26. High Middle Ages • 1050 - 1450

27. England • Was ruled by Angles, Saxons, and Vikings. • Duke William of Normandy (North France) Who was a Viking wanted the throne. • Became known as William the Conqueror

28. William and England • Had a census called “Doomsday Book” that documented all castles, living areas, and population. • Set up great tax collecting system and treasury.

30. Henry II / England • Set up common law system to challenge Feudal Religious Courts. • Had conflict with Church about church power vs. Royal power.

31. John / England • Henry II’s son • Raised taxes, lost French lands in Normandy (France) • Had to pay yearly fee to Rome to avoid interdict and excommunication. • Forced by Angered Nobles to sign Magna Carta.

33. Magna Carta 1215 • Affirmed rights of nobles, Church, and townspeople • “Due Process of Law” (All are protected and treated fairly by law) • No One above the Law • No raising taxes without consoling lords and clergy, later became Parliament. • Overtime noble rights became everyone’s rights • Monarch and Nobility must obey law • Later Parliament had to approve funds for war

35. France • Started with weak king but slowly increased power and expanded land • King Louis IX was very generous, religious, kind, & well liked. After his death he was made a saint. • Philip IV disagreed with pope and sent people after him. Pope died from injuries. New pope was French and moved head of church to France

37. Roman Empire & Church • Roman Emperors & Popes fought for power constantly • Emperor used to appoint Bishops and clergy. Later Popes got that right. • Pope claimed supremacy of all religious affairs. Said he was “Between God and Man and could judge all and be judged by no one”

38. Crusades • To take back holy land, Jerusalem, from Muslim control. • 4 crusades all together. • First Crusade achieved holy land but soon lost it to Muslim ruler Salah al-Din (Saladin) but he allowed Christian Pilgrims to holy land. • All other Crusades failed and they ended up just looting and fighting each other.

40. Children’s Crusade 1212 • 1000s of kids and teens decided that they could march to Jerusalem with the power of God. They believed that they were less sinful than the men fighting so God would give them power. • They made it to Italy but ½ died and others were forced into slavery.

41. Effects • Increased trade of spices and exploration • Weakened Royal and Papal power. • Eastern world was realized and it inspired explorers like Marco Polo.

42. Crisis: Black Death • Bubonic Plague / Black Death: Killed 1/3of Europe! • Society and economy hurt by plague. • Monarial system starts to fall apart as peasants leave and revolt. • Catholic Church began to split in ideology and lose power since prayer did not stop plague.

45. 100 Years War • England & France fought over Normandy • English were winning in beginning • Joan of Arc inspired French troops. She led fight but was caught by English and burned at stake for witchcraft. Later made a saint • Cannons were beginning to be used and made armored knights and castles obsolete. • France won the war

47. 100 yr war continued • Monarchs become national leaders in England and France • England has unrest after war. They have the War of the Roses: 2 Families fought for control of England. In the end the Tudor (Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, etc.) takes over

48. York -Lancaster

49. 100 Yr War Continued: • King Edward III wanted to raise taxes to pay for the W. of the R. • This led Parliament gains power since it controls the money that the king wants.

50. Muslim Invasion • Moors: occupy Spain for over 700 years. It promotes an age of science and art. • They create the state of al-Andalus. • In 732 the Franks at Tours stop the advancement into the rest of Europe. • By 1100 the Cordoba region had a mix of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish people. Pop: 500,000.