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Chapter 2. Taurus Mountains. Tigris 1,720 miles long – 600 ft. wide. Euphrates. 1,250 miles long – 750 ft. wide. Persian Gulf. Silt. Drought. Ancient irrigation canals. Ch. 2 Lesson2. Make a vocab list. Civilization…Write this down!!!.
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Euphrates • 1,250 miles long – 750 ft. wide
Ch. 2 Lesson2 • Make a vocab list
Civilization…Write this down!!! • Civilization – is a centralized society with developed forms of religion, ways of governing, and learning. A civilization also depends on a stable food supply and on a division of labor system. This will be on the test!
Ziggurat • Largest buildings in Sumerian cities. • Religious purpose • Became center of city life
Religion • The ancient Sumerians believed in many gods - many, many gods. They believed that everything that happened to them - be it good or bad - was the result of a god's pleasure or displeasure. Ishtar http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/gods/explore/exp_set.html Bull Man
Sumerian Government • Government- an organized system that groups use to make laws and decisions • City-state- city and farmland around it • Each had its own leaders and government • 1st government- small group of leaders w/ one chief or supreme leader, all helped to make decisions • Government changes to a monarchy – one person has complete authority or control • Leaders were said to be chosen by the gods
The Epic of Gil • Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, who was two-thirds god and one-third man. He built magnificent ziggurats, surrounded his city with high walls, and laid out its orchards and fields. He was physically beautiful, immensely strong, and very wise. Although Gilgamesh was godlike in body and mind, he began his kingship as a cruel despot. He was cruel towards his subjects. He accomplished his building projects with forced labor, and his exhausted subjects groaned under his oppression. The gods heard his subjects’ pleas and decided to keep Gilgamesh in check by creating a wild man named Enkidu, who was as magnificent as Gilgamesh. Enkidu became Gilgamesh’s great friend, and Gilgamesh’s heart was shattered when Enkidu died of an illness inflicted by the gods.
Gilgamesh could not stop grieving for Enkidu, and he could not stop brooding about the prospect of his own death. Exchanging his kingly garments for animal skins as a way of mourning Enkidu, he set off into the wilderness, determined to find eternal life. Gilgamesh finds a plant that restores youth. A snake steals the plant one night while he is camping. As the serpent slithers away, it sheds its skin and becomes young again.
When Gilgamesh returns to his home, he is empty-handed but reconciled at last to his mortality. He knows that he can not live forever but that humankind will. Now he sees that the city he had ruled over and terrorized is a magnificent, enduring achievement—the closest thing to immortality to which a mortal can aspire.
Economics • Sumerian farms were producing a surplus of food • Surplus Division of labor • Craft workers, managers, merchants
Divisions in Society King, priests, other leaders and family Merchants, managers, carpenters,scribes,etc. Slaves
Gender roles • Men had more authority and rights than women • Women could be leaders • Religious • Scribes • Women more rights and freedoms than other ancient civilizations • Own property • Divorce cruel husbands • Own businesses
Innovations • Iku – acre • Quart – unit of measurement • Cargo boats • Writing – cuneiform
Conquests and Empires • Why did the Sumerian city- states fight each other?????
They fought each other for… • Control of fertile land and water rights!
Sargon • Official in Sumerian city- state of Kish • Killed the king, marched through Mesopotamia and established an empire • Akkad • Akkadians
Hammurabi • Accomplishments?
Accomplishments • Promoted trade • Building projects • Upkeep on dikes and canals • Reorganized tax system • Code of Hammurabi
The Code • 282 laws on an 8ft tall stone slab found in Susa • Top is an engraving of Hammurabi and Shamash (Sun god) • “to promote the welfare of people, make justice visible in the land , destroy the wicked person and the evil, in order that the strong might not injure the weak” • Laws deal with all aspects of daily life • Eye for an eye
JudgementExample If anyone brings an accusation against a man, and the accused goes to the river and leaps into the river, if he sinks in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river proves that the accused is not guilty, and he escapes unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser.
After Babylon • Kassites (Present day Iran) ruled for about 400 yrs • Assyrians • Mesopotamia + parts of turkey, Egypt and the Persian Gulf
Assyrians • Major goal? • To control trade routes in southwestern Asia • How did they conquer? • Conquered one by one • Built a system of roads • King Medes
Israelites • Ancestors of the Jewish people
Father Abraham • Isaac – Jewish people • Ishmael – Arab people (Islam) • Christianity? • http://www.weebly.com/weebly/main.php
