Indian Agriculture Risk: Case Study 11

1. Indian Agriculture Risk:Case Study 11 Dan Tomlinson Galileo Weather Risk Management Weather Risk Management

2. Who Am I? Galileo Weather Risk Management Ltd • Alternative risk taking arm of the White Mountains InsuranceGroup (NYSE: WTM) • Business is focused globally through relationships with banks, intermediaries and direct customers • Wholly-owned subsidiary of White Mountains Insurance Group • $19BN global insurance company with $4BN GAAP equity • Galileo’s transactions are guaranteed by an affiliate – OneBeacon – a US P&C carrier rated “A” by S&P • Global full-service weather market participant • Offers protection against adverse temperature, precipitation, snowfall and windspeed as well as other weather index based products. Weather Risk Management

3. Weather Risk Management in India Indian Agriculture: Very High Local Value • India sustains 16% of the world’s population on 2.4% of land resource • Agriculture contributes 24% of the Indian GDP • Livelihood support to two-thirds of the population • Employment to 57% of work force • Single largest private sector occupation • Raw material source to large number of industries like (textiles, silk, sugar, rice, flour mills, milk products) Weather Risk Management

4. Weather Risk Management in India But: Small farm size: Average of 1.4 hectares Large number of farm holdings Predominantly Rain-fed Agriculture Large number of farmers still practice predominantly sustenance agriculture: Hand to Mouth Many areas prone to extremes: Flood and Drought. Agriculture is a fragile economy. Weather Risk Management

5. Weather Risk Management in India General Weather Factors • Indian Agriculture is predominantly controlled by monsoon • Up to 80% of variability in crop yields is attributable to weather. • Less than 40% of net sown area irrigated. • Most Irrigation from non-perennial sources. • High risk / low margin production inhibits improvement of crop production techniques. Weather hazards: • - High Rainfall • - extreme Low and High temperatures • - Droughts Weather Risk Management

6. Weather Risk Management in India Agriculture is Complex Different weather has a different effect at different periods. For Example: Pre-Sowing Seeding Vegetative Phase Reproductive Phase Maturing Phase Each being different for different crops. Weather Risk Management

7. Weather Risk Management in India The Message is Clear The Wrong Weather at the wrong time will impact a very large proportion of the population. For Individuals the Impact will be catastrophic. Impact is not only current season but also Seasons to come. Weather Risk Management

8. Weather Risk Management in India How Weather Risk Management Can Help As described in this meeting: Clear definitions of payout enable swift payment to those who need it most and fastest. Prevents loan defaults enabling further loans for coming seasons. Clear definitions of payout enable access to International Capital. Weather Risk Management

9. Weather Risk Management in India State and Government Assistance Government subsidy of premium facilitates wider access to the product. Compulsory purchase of product for farmers taking loans from financial institutions. Weather Risk Management

10. Weather Risk Management in India Everything coming together: Similar risks for a large proportion of population. Huge proportion of national economy at risk. High Motivation to be protected at both Macro and Micro Level. Government incentive / subsidy allowing more access to protection. Compulsory purchase of protection for those taking loans. This should all mean a very high take up of product and as a result a very large potential risk transfer. Weather Risk Management

11. Weather Risk Management in India BUT The Weather Risk Management market relies on data. NO DATA = NO DEAL Weather Risk Management

12. Weather Risk Management: Four Steps 1 - Identify significant exposure(s) to weather 2 - Quantify the impact of adverse weather. 4 - Execute contract in optimal form to address business concerns 3 - Structure a contract that pays when adverse weather events occur premium Coverage Layer Client Galileo coverage Weather Risk Management

13. Weather Risk Management in India Here's the Good News Indian Weather Data is Excellent. Recording is diligent. Error Checking is amongst the most thorough in the world. There are many many stations covering a very diverse area. Weather Risk Management

14. Weather Risk Management in India Here's the Bad News If you can get it. Weather Risk Management

15. Weather Risk Management in India Here's the Bad News To the outsider the Indian data system is highly confusing. I am still not sure if what I am saying is actually correct but as far as I can tell it is. I represent International Capital Weather Risk Management

16. Weather Risk Management in India Here's the Bad News There is currently about a 3 year lag between data being recorded and finally being archived at the Central IMD Offices. Access to data is to say the least difficult. Data is recorded by different agencies: Drought Monitoring Centre Coffee Board Private Weather Stations Next to IMD stations. Weather Risk Management

17. Weather Risk Management in India Here's the Bad News Data is handwritten in Legers. Not Digitised. But you can’t take a photocopy. Bureaucracy Time. Settlement Data. Weather Risk Management

18. Weather Risk Management in India Here's the Bad News The largest provider of Agricultural Insurance is allowed to use data. IMD will not allow them to share (even at a cost) all data with their Reinsurers. Weather Risk Management

19. Weather Risk Management in India Galileo Participation In India So Far Taken part as a Reinsurer of AICI Pilot Projects. Have extended coverage to smaller scope projects via financial institutions. Have covered commercial institutions with an interest in crop product. Weather Risk Management

20. Weather Risk Management in India Galileo Experience In India So Far The Large project with the greatest potential to reach the people who need it the most is the most difficult to underwrite due to lack of data. Not because its not available but because we cant get it. Smaller Scope Commercial applications for financial institutions and corporate customers have the least problems with data. Weather Risk Management

21. Weather Risk Management in India Pilot Projects: Many of the projects in India so far have been Pilot Projects. Pilot means that the user of cover learns. Pilot also allows the provider of cover to learn. Danger is that demand will quickly outstrip risk capacity if capacity cannot get underwriting information. Weather Risk Management

22. Contact Dan Tomlinson +44 20 7469 0035 (W) +44 7973 426 233 (M) dtomlinson@galileoweather.com www.whitemountains.com Weather Risk Management