1. Chapter 2.2 Notes Islamic Empires • The Spread of Islam (pgs. 182-184) A. Muhammad’s successor was called a Caliph, or successor to the Messenger of God. B The first four Caliphs to rule from Madinah(Medina) were called the Rightly Guided Caliphs. The first four caliphs lived simply, treated others fairly, and fought for Islam. C The Umayyad caliphs made their capital the city of Damascus and Islam spread during their rule.

2. D. Abu Bakrbegan the conquest of Syria but died before he finished. His successors continued the conquest and also defeated Persia. E. The Islamic states soon became a great empire and by the time of the fourth Caliphs death the Arab Empire expanded to include all of Southwest Asia. The first caliph

3. F. Arabs were good soldiers (especially horsemen) and were inspired by their religion. Muslims believed dying in battle they would go to paradise. G. Arabs let non-Muslims pay a special tax but were allowed to practice their own religion. Many conquered people accepted the Islamic faith.

4. H. The Sofis were a group of Muslims that spread Islam through preaching. I. Arab merchants spread the religion through trade. J. Indonesia, a southeast Asian country has the largest Muslim population in the world.

5. K. Timbuktu, a West African city, became the center of Muslim learning Mosque in Timbuktu - Mali, Africa

6. L. In Spain, Muslim and Jewish culture thrived. Arabic writing on the walls of the Alhambra. The Alhambra Palace – Grenada, Spain

7. ISLAMIC ART CONTINUE WITH YOUR ISLAMIC ART PROJECTS!

8. II. Struggles within Islam (pgs. 185-186) A. After Muhammad’s death, the Muslims split into two groups: the Sunnis and the Shiites. B. Shiites believed that Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, should succeed Muhammad and that all future Caliphs should be descendants of Ali. Sunnis believe that the Umayyad Caliphs were the rightful leaders. Over time, these two groups developed their own customs. C. The Umayyad dynasty lost power and was replaced by the Abbasids D. Baghdad became the new capital of the Abbasids

9. E. The Abbasids lost control as other Muslims in other parts of the world wanted their own Caliphs. F. The Seljuk Turks were nomadic warriors and they gradually took control of the Abbasid dynasty. The Seljuk ruler was called a sultan. G. The Arab empire ended when the Mongols invaded Baghdad and burned it to the ground.

10. III. Later Muslim Empires (pgs. 187-189) A. The Ottoman Turks were a group of Turks in northwest Asia Minor who began to build an empire. They conquered the Byzantine Empire and changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul. B. The Ottoman army moved into Europe, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and parts of Northern Africa. C. The most famous sultan for the Ottomans was Suleiman I

11. OTTOMAN EMPIRE

12. OTTOMAN EMPIRE

13. D. The Ottoman empire collapsed after the end of World War I (1920’s) E. Many Christian slaves became Muslims and served in the army. Non-Muslims could practice their own religion but had to pay a tax. F. The Moguls created a Muslim empire in India and made their capital in Delhi. Akbar was the greatest Mogul ruler. Life in India was good under Akbar’s rule. G. European merchants used their military power to take control of the Mogul territory and Great Britain took over most of India.