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CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2. PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY. ORGANISMS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS. Main Idea for Ch. 2.1: Biotic and abiotic factors interact in complex ways in communities and ecosystems. Discussion: Who or what do you depend on?. ECOLOGY

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CHAPTER 2

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  1. CHAPTER 2 PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY

  2. ORGANISMS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS • Main Idea for Ch. 2.1: • Biotic and abiotic factors interact in complex ways in communities and ecosystems. • Discussion: • Who or what do you depend on?

  3. ECOLOGY • _________________ is the scientific area in which the relationships among living organisms & the _____________ the organisms have with their environments are ___________.

  4. ECOLOGY • Scientists who study ecology are called __________________. • Ecologists perform __________ in the environment where organisms live to find out why they die or live, grow in number or decrease, live in water or near the water, etc. • Ecologists use ________________ so they can test in a lab things that are happening in the environment. • Models help scientists _______________________ the variables and study them _______ at a time. • EX: more or less water, more or less light, temperature changes, etc. • Helps scientists completely understand the _________ taking place in the environment.

  5. Discussion: • Which task would be completed by an ecologist? • Survey and classify mollusk fossils • Inoculate cattle against infection • Test the effect of cyanide on algae • Explore the medicinal uses of nectar • What are some locations where you might find ecologists collecting data, and what tools might they use in these locations? • What types of organisms have you ever observed or collected that live near your home? • What are some interesting characteristics of these organisms?

  6. THE BIOSPHERE • _______________ is the portion of Earth that supports life. • The prefix “______________” means __________________. • EX: Rainforest Desert Marine Life • Ecologists study these _______________, their _________________, & the factors in their environments. • These factors are divided into 2 large groups. • Living factors – _____________________ • Nonliving factor - ____________________

  7. BIOTIC FACTORS • Anything ____________________ in an organism’s environment are called ________________ factors. • The interactions are necessary for the health of all species in that _______________ location. • What are some of the biotic factors in this picture and how do they relate to one another.

  8. ABIOTIC FACTORS • ___________________ factors in an organism’s environment are called _____________________factors. • Abiotic factors include: • Temperature • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • Soil types • Rainfall • Nutrients

  9. ABIOTIC FACTORS • Abiotic factors needed for organisms to survive • Organisms develop _____________________to live with the abiotic factors. • If the abiotic factors ___________________ organisms need to change or they will ________________. • Argument: Oxygen is the only abiotic factor that allows you to survive in this classroom. So, as long as there is enough oxygen, all of you will survive.

  10. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Levels of organization increase in _______________ as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase. • Levels of organization are: • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • Biological _________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________

  11. Look up & write in your own words a definition for the following levels of organization. • ORGANISM - _____________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ • POPULATION - ____________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

  12. Look up & write in your own words a definition for the following levels of organization. • BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY - __________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ • ECOSYSTEM - _____________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

  13. Look up & write in your own words a definition for the following levels of organization. • BIOME - _________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ • BIOSPHERE - ______________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

  14. ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS • ___________________ of the different populations ____________________ if they use the resources in __________________________ ways. • EX: birds use different areas of the tree to build nests. • __________________ is an area where an organism ______________________. • EX: deer covering 5 sq. miles to find food. • __________________ is the __________ or position that an organism has in its _______________ (habitat). • EX: food, shelter, and reproduction • Discussion: • What is an example of a habitat and an individual’s niche in that habitat?

  15. COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS • Interactions in the community include __________________ for basic needs like food, shelter, mates, and how organisms depend on each other for __________________________.

  16. COMPETITION • ___________________ occurs when __________ than 1 organism uses the __________________ at the _________________ __________________. • The organism that out ________________ the other one is the one that _________________.

  17. PREDATION • _________________ is when one organism hunts and _______ another organism for food. • _____________ is the organism that is _________________ the hunting. • ___________ is the organism that is caught and ___________. • EX: mallard duck eating water bug.

  18. SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS • _______________ is the close relationship that exists when 2 or more species _______________________________________. • There are 3 different types of symbiosis: • ____________________________________ • Both organisms receive a _________________________ • EX: flowers and bees • ________________________________________________ • One organism receives a ________________ & the other one is __________________ hurt or harmed. • EX: clownfish and sea anemones • ____________________________________ • One organism receives the ____________________ & the other one is hurt or _____________________. • EX: Fleas, ticks, tapeworms, etc.

  19. Section 2.2 • FLOW OF ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM • ____________________ capture energy, making it available for all members of a ______________ ______________. • The sun is the original source of ____________!

  20. ENERGY IN AN ECOSYSTEM • Organisms differ in how they obtain energy. They are either __________________ or ________________. • AUTOTROPHS • Autotrophs are organisms that collect energy from ___________________ or inorganic substances to produce _______________________________. • EX: plants, bacteria • Autotrophs ________________________ all food chains in an ecosystem • Autotrophs are also called _______________________ • Discussion: What is the process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy?

  21. HETEROTROPHS • _______________________ is an organism that gets energy by consuming other organisms. • Heterotrophs are also called ______________________.

  22. Different types of consumers: • _____________________ – only eats plants, EX: cow • _____________________ – only eat meat, EX: lions • ___________________ – eat both meat & plants, EX: bears • ____________________ - eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem and return nutrients back to the soil, air, and water where the nutrient can be recycled by other organisms. EX: worms • ___________________ (similar to detritivores) – break down dead organisms by releasing digestive enzymes. EX: fungi (mushrooms)

  23. MODELS OF ENERGY FLOW • Ecologists use food chains & food webs to model the _____________ flow through an ecosystem. • A ___________________________ is a step in a food chain or web. • Autotrophs/plants make up the ______ trophic level in all ecosystems. • _____________________ make up all __________________________ levels.

  24. FOOD CHAINS • _______________ is a simple model that show how energy flows through an ecosystem. • The _____ show what direction the energy flows, which usually starts with the autotrophs and moves to the heterotrophs.

  25. FOOD CHAINS • In a food chain the energy _________ flows in one direction, _______ the tropic levels. • Some of the energy is ________ transferred from one trophic level to the next because it is _________ by the organism for ___________________ & _________________.

  26. FOOD WEBS • A food ________ is a model representing the many ______________________ food _______________ and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms. http://www.goldridge08.com/foodchain.htm

  27. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS • An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy biomass or numbers or organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. • _________________ pyramid only ______ of the energy is transferred to the next level. • The organism uses ______ of the energy for ____________________ processes or released as __________.

  28. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS • _________________ pyramid shows the amount of total ________ of living matter at each trophic level • Pyramid of _____________ shows the number of organisms at ____________ trophic level

  29. SECTION 2.3 • CYCLING OF MATTER • Essential _____________________ are _________________________ through biogeochemical processes. • Discussion: • What would happen if matter was bound in living matter and never recycled?

  30. CYCLES IN THE BIOSPHERE • Energy is transformed into __________________ forms to support life of an ecosystem. • Constant supply needed so matter needs to be _____________________________. • _______________ is anything that takes up space and has mass. • __________________ is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to sustain _______________ and to undergo life processes.

  31. CYCLES IN THE BIOSPHERE • _____________________________________ cycle is the exchange of matter through the biosphere. • Bio means life, ________ means _____________, & chemical • Producers (plants) use air, soil and water to convert them into usable nutrients. Consumers eat the plants & the nutrients are passed to them. Decomposers will return the nutrients to be recycled.

  32. WATER CYCLE • Water is constantly _____________________ from water & going up into the atmosphere in the form of __________________________________. • ____________ of all evaporation occurs over the _______________, lakes, and rivers. • ______ evaporates from plants through a process called __________________________________. • Water vapor creates ___________________ & then _________________________________________. • Ends up on the surface & is soaked up by plants or remains underground. Can fall in lakes or streams & return to ocean

  33. THE WATER CYCLE - CONTINUED • Organisms _________________ live without water. • ____ of all water on Earth is __________. ______ of all fresh water is either frozen in _______________ or _______________________________.

  34. THE CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLES • All living things are composed of molecules that contain ___________, such as protein, carbohydrates and fats. • Carbon and oxygen make up molecules essential for life, including _____________ and simple __________. • Carbon can be ___________ for long periods of time as ___________ ____________ & released when burned, adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

  35. THE CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLES • In ____________________________, plants and algae, will convert carbon dioxide + water into carbohydrates + oxygen for the atmosphere. • These carbohydrates are used as a source of _____________ for all organisms in the food web. • Carbon dioxide is _____________________ back into the atmosphere through cellular respiration. (You do cellular respiration)

  36. Discussion: • Based on your understanding of the carbon cycle, predict what might happen if large areas of tropical rain forest continue to be cleared. • How do you interact in the carbon cycle?

  37. THE NITROGEN CYCLE • Nitrogen is an ____________________________. • Largest amount found in ____________________ as a gas. • Can’t be used by plants and animals in this form • __________________________________occurs when __________________ convert the nitrogen gas to ______________________/nitrites/ammonia. • Enters food web when plants ______________ nitrogen compounds from the ________ & convert them into protein. • Nitrogen is often a ______________________________ for the growth of producers. • _______________________________ will return nitrogen in protein back into ammonia.

  38. THE NITROGEN CYCLE • Reverse process is called denitrification • ___________________________ occurs when bacteria convert the nitrogen compounds (nitrates, nitrites & ammonia) back into ________________ gas returning it to the atmosphere.

  39. NITROGREN CYCLE

  40. THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE • Phosphorus essential for _________________________ & development of organisms. • Short term cycle: • Soil →producers →consumers • Decomposers return phosphorus to soil • Long term cycle: • ____________ in sedimentary ______ • _____________ through weathering or ____________________________ • Phosphorus is a __________________ __________________________.

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