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Chapter 18a: Foreign Policy

Chapter 18a: Foreign Policy. A Brief History of US Foreign Policy (From 1800 to 2000). Learning Objectives 1-2 : (1). History of US Foreign Policy (FP) from isolationism thru Cold War to post- Cold War era .

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Chapter 18a: Foreign Policy

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  1. Chapter 18a: Foreign Policy A Brief History of US Foreign Policy (From 1800 to 2000) Learning Objectives 1-2: (1). History ofUS Foreign Policy (FP)fromisolationismthru Cold Wartopost-Cold War era. (2). Define the following key FP terms:Monroe Doctrine, Globalism, containment ,Truman Doctrine, NATO, 3rd World, détente, enlargement,and neo-isolationism.

  2. US Foreign Policy (FP)A Brief History: 1798-1941 The ?__________ Era 1942-1945 World War II (start of“?__________”) 1946-1989 The ?__________ War 1991-2000 The Post- ?__________ Warera New category following 9/11/2001 (Next Class ) Let’s examine these periods in greater detail

  3. Brief History of U.S. Foreign Policy (FP) • ?__________ * *A foreign policy built on the principle of avoiding formal military and political alliances with other countries. • The ?__________ Era comprised: • 1st 150 years of US History & stressed: • Adherenceto guidance of Washington’s Farwell address • Stressed avoiding political connections overseas • US should pursue commercial trade ties only • US militarily was weak & focused on expansion westward • Not interested in global role (2 oceans of separation) • What FP Doctrine* asserted US interests for the first time outside America, primarily throughout Western Hemisphere (1823)?

  4. The ?__________ Doctrine* A basic principle of U.S. foreign policy that dates back to a warning President James Monroe issued in 1823 that the United States would resist further European efforts to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

  5. ?__________ Doctrine (1823) • ?__________ Doctrine was invoked for first time in 1895 by=>? • Aim: Protect US interest in Western Hemisphere • US involvement overseas was primarily in LATAM • US Military Intervention escalated beginning in 1900:

  6. World War I • US deviated from Isolationism briefly during WWI • WW1 (Woodrow Wilson)=> initially insisted US stay neutral- until? • German ?__________ SS warfare & ?__________ telegram • Then reversed position to make world “safe for democracy” • After WW1=> isolationism returned with a vengeance • US Senate rejected League of Nations & Versailles treaty • US isolationism set the stage for next global war => ?

  7. World War ?____ • US stayed out of the War as Hitler first attacked • Why does US change its mind about involvement in the War?

  8. Air Raid ?__________?__________ December 7, 1941 America Enters World War ?__

  9. TORA, TORA, TORA! • Starting at 0740 Japanese launched 2 waves torpedo & fighter A/C from CVs north of PH • Japanese attack US PACFLT at Pearl Harbor, HI • Aim point: Battle Ship row on Ford Island • Also destroy A/C on ground at Hickam AFB& other bases • Japan achieved tactical surprise & victory • Several BBs sunk or seriously damaged • Many other ships & equipment- 2500+ US KIA Impact on American Public Opinion?

  10. The End of World War II • Hitler’s Germany and Imperial Japan were finally defeated • Following WWII,the reason for the Grand Alliance with the Soviet Union soon dissolved • US also rethinks its previous foreign policy of?_____________ • And soon a new kind of war would begin…

  11. The ?_______ War • After WWII US adopted a new Foreign Policy (FP): • ?______________ :* • US should be prepared to use military force around the globe to protect its political & economic interests • Following WWII => who emerged as primary thereat to US political & military interest? • ?__________under ?__________ • Presidential doctrine formulated as a result? • ?_______________ Doctrine: • US would actively oppose communists’ attempts to overthrow or conquer non-communist nations • US Foreign Policy that emerged from the Truman Doctrine?*

  12. A bedrock principle of U.S. foreign policy from mid 1940s to early 1990s that emphasized the need to contain any further Soviet territorial & communist ideological expansion. ?________________ * What was the economic instrument of Containment? • ?__________ Plan: US commitment to rebuild Europe • $100 Billion appropriated for task in today’s $$$ • Soviets initially invited to participate (reaction?) • Countered with their own $$$ plan: ?__________ Plan • How did Containment work?*

  13. Containment – An Illustration IDEOLOGY Soviet Threat GEO-POLITICAL & STRATEGIC USPolicy ofContainment MILITARY What was the military instrument of Containment?

  14. Cold War Military Alliances

  15. The Cold War (CW) Heats Up • As Soviets become more aggressive • US becomes more concerned with its former WWII Ally • As result conducted major National Security reassessment • This reassessment produced NSC-68: • National Security Strategy for Containment • Concluded a major increase in US conventional military forces and defense spending required • The Truman administration balked at high price tag • SoNSC-68 was filed in bottom drawer of someone’s Top Secret safe in the Pentagon (It happens a lot) • That’s where it probably would have stayed had not the North Koreans attacked the South

  16. Korean War • The US and USSR had tried to avoid direct military confrontation throughout Cold War • So conflict had generally been fought indirectly through proxies (In this case North Korea & China) • NK had gotten Stalin’s OK withChina’s support • North Korea’s invasion across the 38th parallel in June 1950 caught US by surprise and unprepared • SK & US forces rapidly retreated SE to Pusan • US saw invasion as part of Soviet’sglobal strategy • Failure of the US to act would discourage allies & encourage foes (esp. those threatening Europe) • General MacArthur would turn things around: • US held Pusan Perimeter until he could reinforce it • Then launchedInchon Landing to cut off NK LOCs • Truman then tempted fate by expanding US/UN war aims to unify Korea under South Korea-result? • US threat to Yalu prompted China to act • China launched surprise counter-attack across Yalu • Forced US & SK forces to retreat back across 38thll • MacArthur then attempted to expand war which prompted Truman to replace him with Ridgeway • Gen Ridgeway’s counter-offensive pushed NK back to 38thll • Armistice talks then drew War out for 2 more years of stalemate

  17. The Berlin Wall • Under Presidents Eisenhower & Kennedy, Cold War tensions had substantially escalated by the 1960s • Europe was always the focus of the Cold War, and Germany & Berlin were its epicenter • Khrushchev attempted to test JFK at their first meeting in Vienna • K had insisted the US get out of Berlin- JFK said No • The Soviets then allowed the East Germansto build a wall separating East Berlinfrom the West • Tensions between the two sides grew as each side attempted to best or spy on the other • But it was not in Europe or Berlin where the two foes almost came to serious blows… • That occurred 90 miles south of the Florida Keys (?)

  18. ?_______?________ Crisis – October 1962 • US & USSR came closest to direct confrontation when: • Khrushchev attempted to emplace missiles in Cuba: • Soviets deployed 36 MRBM & 24 IRBM into Cuba • US spy plane (U-2) detected & CIA confirmed/informed Whitehouse • JFK demanded their immediate removal: • Issued stern warning to Soviets on national TV • Placed US military on full alert & pre-positioned combat units • Ordered contingency plans for invasion of Cuba • Finally ordered a blockadeofSoviet ships bound forCuba • The Soviets “blinked” and the crisis ended • If two sides had not narrowly avoided further escalation, what could have happened?

  19. US versus USSR- The Indirect Approach • US & USSR avoided direct confrontations: • Competition between the two was usually kept at margins=>inthe 3rd World • US primary Foreign Policygoal: • Prevent potential spread of communism • A Major test of this goal? • US (Ike) supported the French in SE Asia • Aim: Contain Soviet expansion in SE Asia • US view of most global crises & conflicts? • Most conflicts during Cold War viewed as Soviet (or PRC)/communist inspired: • USSR => China => North Vietnam => South Vietnam’s guerilla insurgents • How did the US (JFK) initially deal with South Vietnam’s insurgency?* ?__________War:

  20. Counter ?__________ (CI) • JFK sent ?_______ Forces & SEAL advisors to conduct CI • LBJexpanded US involvement following 1964 Tonkin Gulf incident

  21. “Americanization” of Vietnam War (1965-1968) • Conventional US Troops soon took over fighting for SVN • Reached high point of 543,000 US troops “in country” by 1969 The majority of Americans supported US policy & the war until 1968

  22. The “?_____” Offensive- 1968 • NVA & VCstruck 36 of 44 Provincial capitols & six major cities • Including: AMEMB, Tan Son Nhut airport, Presidential Palace, & Hue • The American people became disillusioned as the War drug on, and was bought home to them up front & personal into their living rooms on TV • US looked for an “Exit”out of Vietnam “with honor”

  23. Exit Strategy • US involvement reached high point by late 1968 • America became acutely divided over war • Following the Tet Offensive most Americans just wanted out • All desperately sought a way out of what many by now were calling: a “quagmire” • Nixon came to powerwith what he said was a “secret plan” to get out of Vietnam • The Plan: “Vietnamization” ( turn war over RVN) • Nixon’s Aim: allow US to withdraw & claim “Peace with Honor” • Nixon sought Soviet & PRChelp to get US out • Aim: Get Soviets & China to push North Vietnam to serious peace talks with the US • His diplomatic efforts* finally paid off

  24. End Game • Nixon pursued easing of tensions between US & Soviets –pursued a policy called? • ?_____________’ * • *A policy of Nixon administration which was followed to develop more cordial relations with the Soviet Union. • Aimed in part in enlisting Soviet support to assist US in getting North Vietnam back to peace table & serious negotiations • So that US could get out of Vietnam “with honor.” • February 1973=> Paris Peace Accords were finally signed • American turned the war over to South Vietnam government • US military forces then withdrew • But the Truce between North & South Vietnam didn’t last long

  25. Peace Without Honor & the “Vietnam Syndrome” 1975: NVA launched its Final Offensive America’s humiliation following Vietnam’s defeat would hamper its FP

  26. End of Détente’ • 1979: Carter felt “betrayed” when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan • “Betrayal” caused end of Détente & failure of SALT II • Senate refused to ratify the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty in response • Carter withdrew US participation in Moscow Olympics (1980) • Then embarked on military build-up & formation of RDJTF • Carter Doctrine declared: US will do what it takes in SW Asia • 1980-84: Ronald Reagan’s 1st term: • AKA: the “Evil Empire” period • US defense budget rose, construction of 600 ship Navy & SDI • US-Soviet arms race ensued (that the Soviets could never win) • Reagan made his famous “Evil Empire” Speech • Result: US-Soviet relations plummet

  27. Ronald Reagan vs. “The Evil Empire” • Reagan pursued a hard line with the Soviets, then led by Leonid Brezhnev • USSR was led by dying Old Guard • Three would die in office during Reagan’s term • The Soviet system itself was dying as well • By that time it was totally corrupt & rotten to its core • Existed on barrowed economic times • The Black Market was main source of Russia’s consumer goods • Serious reform was long past due to save it from collapse • 1985: a relatively young Mikhail Gorbachevcame to power • He realized the USSR could not keep up with the strategic arms race • In fact they had gone broke trying & had failed • He attempted major reforms => Perestroika & Glasnost • The Problem: Too little too late • Soviet system was too corrupt & broken to salvage • Soviet & US relations dramatically improved when Gorbachev came to power: • Gorbachev & RR reached historic understandings & breakthroughs • Their agreements would go far toward ending the Cold War • But it was events totally out of their control that really sealed its end=>

  28. Year of ?__________ - 1989 • Year of ?__________ & End of Euro Communism • Communist Regimes of Eastern Europe began to fall • Convincingly illustrated by Fall of Berlin Wall • Symbol of Soviet Communist power throughout East Europe crumbled along with the Berlin Wall • Germany’s reunification soon followed • US Military operations inThird Worldcontinued: • Grenada, Panama, Iraq #1 (Persian Gulf War) • Soviet Union’s lack of support for its former allies demonstrated just how weak the USSR had become • Fall of Soviet Union itself - 1991 • Followed a last ditch failed coup by Communist in August that was thwarted by Boris Yeltsin • Six months later the Soviet Union collapsed • Marked Official end of Cold War

  29. After the Cold War • New World Order– • Strategic reassessment (Bush I) tried to figure out what US should do during the post Cold War era • Still trying to decide when Clinton was elected in 1992 • Clinton pursued a Foreign Policy called ?_____________ • Aim: expand democracy & free markets globally • Also use military force as required (& we did): • Somalia 1993 • Haiti 1994 • Bosnia & NATO peacekeeping- 1995 • Serbia: NATO air strikes- bombing – 1999 • Kosovo – NATO bombing & peacekeeping- 2000

  30. Next Class Assignment • Chapter 18b: Foreign Policy (continued) • Remaining Learning Objectives 3-10 & Quiz 4 • Preparation for Course Review (next Thursday) • Also: RESEARCH PAPER IS DUE next Thusday!!!

  31. Back-up Slides

  32. Grave Miscalculation • Operational short falls: • Oil storage tanks in tact • US CVs were missed (absent) • Ship repair/Dry Docks not hit • Allowed US timely repairs & response from Pearl Harbor • Strategic & Political blunder: • Started war Japanese could not possibly win- with time: • US potential economic & industrial capacity simply unmatched • Military strength superior to everyone once it mobilized • “Sneak attack” unified American people against Japan=> for war

  33. Reagan & Gorbachev • Soviet & US relations dramatically improved when Gorbachev came to power: • Gorbachev & RR reached an historic understanding • 1985: “ice breaker” summit in Iceland successful • With a number of others follow (1985-89): • Dec’87: major arms reduction breakthrough occurred • US-USSR agreed to dismantle 2000+ medium/short range missiles • Mutual on-site inspections agreed to by USSR (“trust but verify”) • Most significant agreement between the two superpowers since WWII • 1989=> US-USSR Cold War relations rapidly became OBE • Communist control of East Europe soon unraveled • Gorbachev refused to prop up East European communist regimes • 1991: USSR would travel a similar route • Collapsed after hard line communist coup attempt in August 1991 • Dec 31, 1991=> USSR dissolved itself & Cold War finally ended

  34. End of Détente’ • Détente’ lasted until 1979 • Until Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in late 1979 • Invasion brought US-Soviet Détente’to an abrupt end (Carter) • US-Soviet relations declined even more when Ronald Reagan took office • US-Soviet relations become seriously strained • Soviets paranoid that Reagan secretly planning to attack • Soviets shoot down Korean Airlines over Kamchatka • Reagan makes his famous “Evil Empire” Speech • US-Soviet relations plummet

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