Chapter 23 Foreign Policy

1. Chapter 23Foreign Policy Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations Section 2: Working for Peace Section 3: The United Nations

2. Chapter 23 Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations OBJECTIVES • What is the purpose of foreign policy? • What are the president’s military and diplomatic powers? • How do the powers of Congress balance the president’s authority in foreign relations?

3. Chapter 23 Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations The purposes of foreign policy: • Maintain national security • Support democracy • Promote world peace • Provide aid to people in need

4. Chapter 23 Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations The president’s military and diplomatic powers: • Military powers—commander in chief: recommends military operations to Congress • Diplomatic powers—makes treaties: peace treaties, alliance treaties, commercial treaties; executive agreements; appoints and receives ambassadors; diplomatic recognition

5. Chapter 23 Section 1: Conducting Foreign Relations Congress balances the president’s authority: • The Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the House Committee on International Relations make policy recommendations to the president. • Senate must approve treaties by a two-thirds vote. • Only Congress can declare war. • 1973—War Powers Act limited the president’s power to send troops abroad. • Congress must approve all spending of public funds such as defense spending.

6. Chapter 23 Section 2: Working for Peace OBJECTIVES • Why did NATO form, and what is its purpose today? • What is the purpose of foreign aid, and what forms can it take? • What alliances and organizations exist to promote international trade and economic stability, and what does each one do?

7. Chapter 23 Section 2: Working for Peace NATO and its purpose today: • North Atlantic Treaty Organization—a united front against aggression by the Soviet Union and its communist allies; established 1949 • Pledges an attack against one member is an attack against all • NATO’s Partnership for Peace Program—countries participate in preparation for NATO membership

8. Chapter 23 Section 2: Working for Peace The purpose and forms of foreign aid: • Provides military or economic assistance to another country • Provides food, clothing, and housing to war-torn countries. • Rebuilds factories, farms, and transportation systems

9. Chapter 23 Section 2: Working for Peace The purpose and forms of foreign aid: (continued) • Helps countries maintain their independence and become self-sufficient • Provides humanitarian aid • Peace Corps volunteers provide teaching, engineering, agriculture, and health care assistance.

10. Chapter 23 Section 2: Working for Peace Alliances and organizations promoting international trade and economic stability: • European Union (EU)—seeks free movement of goods, workers, and capital • North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)—allows free trade between Canada, United States, and Mexico • Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC)— promotes cooperation among Asia-Pacific countries

11. Chapter 23 Section 2: Working for Peace Alliances and organizations promoting international trade and economic stability: • World Trade Organization (WTO)—sets rules for international trade • International Monetary Fund (IMF)—lends funds to countries in need • United Nations World Bank—offers another way for countries to cooperate

12. Chapter 23 Section 3: The United Nations OBJECTIVES • Why was the United Nations formed, and what are its six parts? • What are the functions of the Economic and Social Council? • What are the functions of the specialized agencies of the United Nations?

13. Chapter 23 Section 3: The United Nations The United Nations 1945—United Nations formed to promote peaceful coexistence and worldwide cooperation; countries pledged to save future generations from war

14. Chapter 23 Section 3: The United Nations Six Divisions • General Assembly—discusses, debates, and recommends solutions to global issues • Security Council—mainly responsible for peace-keeping • International Court of Justice—handles international legal disputes

15. Chapter 23 Section 3: The United Nations Six Divisions (continued) • Economic and Social Council—dedicated to improving lives; conducts studies on world populations • Trusteeship Council—helped non-self-governing colonies; suspended in 1994 • Secretariat—manages day-to-day activities and provides services

16. Chapter 23 Section 3: The United Nations The Economic and Social Council • Improves the lives of the world’s people • Studies health, human rights, education, narcotics, and world population • Ensures the UN works together with specialized agencies

17. Chapter 23 Section 3: The United Nations Functions of the specialized agencies: • Work to improve the lives of the world’s people • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)—helps countries grow better food and increase production • United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)—extends educational opportunities

18. Chapter 23 Section 3: The United Nations Functions of the specialized agencies: (continued) • World Meteorological Organization (WMO)—promotes exchange of weather reports • World Bank—makes loans and gives economic and technical advice • International Telecommunications Union (ITU)—promotes electronic communication