Chapter 17 Foreign Policy

1. Chapter 17 Foreign Policy Melad Mashaleh, Karim Mhanna, Ali Hammoud, Nader Rtail, Adnan Eidy

2. The tools Of U.S. Foreign Policy Section 1

3. Diplomacy • Government officials use instruments such as, diplomacy, military options, and trade and economic policies to shape foreign policy. • The most often one used is diplomacy; the conduct of international relations, particularly agreements between nations. • Ex: Communication between two embassies or when a citizen commits a crime on foreign soil. • Foreign Service Officers are diplomatic and consular staff at American embassies abroad. • Responsible for negotiating international agreements including economic and trade policies.

4. Trade and Economic Policies • U.S. Foreign Policy Makers use trade policies, foreign aid, and economic penalties to bend foreign nations to the United States’ will. • Most Favoured Nation Status- Very important in the Normal Trade Relations Status (NTR). • NTR = A country grants equal trading benefits to all “Most Favoured Nations” • Ex: The U.S. punished Vietnam by holding out Most Favoured Nation status for imprisonment of U.S. prisoners of war • American Diplomats can influence foreign policy by using economic enticements in the form of Foreign aid • Ex: Post 9/11 the Bush administration Cooperated with Pakistan in Operation Enduring Freedom to overthrow a regime -- Pakistan recieved over $1 billion in U.S. aid.

5. Trade and Economic Policies • Foreign Policy Officials use economic strategies to punish countries whose policies or actions the U.S. disapproves of. • Sanctions are penalties that halt economic exchanges. • Such as, boycotts, trade embargos, suspension of financial flow from investments, and the ceasing of cultural exchanges. • Such tactics were used on Iran when they angered the U.S. by financially and intellectually supporting terrorist organizations, opposition to the Mideast peace process, destabilization of Iraq and Lebanon, etc. • However, some view sanctions as only hurting the foreign nations’ poor and allowing globalism, or aid from allied nations to take place.

6. The Military Option • Since 9/11, the U.S. has been fighting a war on multiple fronts including Iraq and Afghanistan. • Searching for a counterattack - The U.S. targetted Afghanistan for supporting and harboring members of the organization responsible for the 9/11 attacks. • The 19 terrorist attackers of 9/11 were non citizens or soldiers from multiple middle-eastern countries and were trained in several different nations • The Bush administration could not target a specific country, so they declared a “War On Terror”

7. The Military Option • Secretary of State, Colin Powell, made a case to the U.N. and to the American people that U.S. intelligence found WMDs, Weapons of Mass destruction, in the Saddam Hussein regime of Iraq. • American troops stormed and overtook Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein’s regime. Later, the wepons inspectors searched high and low and found no WMDs. • Policy makers send strong signals when using military as an instrument of shaping foreign policy to their will. Large scale military actions usually result in a regime change ( The replacement of a country’s government with another government by removing the current leader or political party) • Ex: Wars in the Middle East, Gulf War, the Vietnam War, and both World Wars.

8. Section 2: The Creators and Shapers of Foreign Policy

9. The Executive Branch and Foreign Policy The President has the most influence in Foreign Policy, mostly from his powers as commander in chief, power to appoint ambassadors, and power to make treaties. The Departments of State and Defense are tasked with advising the president about Foreign and military policy issues. The Dept. of Defense (the Pentagon) oversees all branches of the US military. The commanding officers of each branch of the military, plus a chairperson and vice chair person, make up the Joint Chiefs of Staff, important military advisors to the president.

10. The Executive Branch and Foreign Policy The National Security Council (NSC), consisting of the Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and National Security Advisor, advises and assists the President on national security and Foreign Policy. The intelligence community, mainly the CIA, is a key resource in presidential Foreign Policy making. This independent agency is responsible for collecting, analyzing, and evaluating foreign intelligence to the President and senior national policy makers (find out what other countries and groups are doing and report back).

11. After finding no weapons of mass destruction in the Iraq War and intelligence failures that had a helping hand in 9/11, President George W. Bush announced the appointment of a national intelligence head called the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). This individual is responsible for coordinating and overseeing all the intelligence agencies within the Executive Branch. Despite this appointment, the CIA have continued to use controversial policies such as extraordinary rendition which is capturing a person suspected of being a terrorist and transporting them to another country where torture isn't against the law.

12. Congress and Foreign Policy Congress also has significant authority on foreign policy, the main one being the power to declare war. This, however, has not stopped past presidents from deploying troops in hot zones around the world without a congressional declaration of war. The most notable being the Vietnam War. Because of these actions, Congress passed the War Powers Act in 1973 which limited the presidential use of military forces to sixty days, with an extension of thirty days if the President requests one. Congress also has the power to ratify treaties, confirm ambassadorial posts, and confirm cabinet appointees

13. Congress and Foreign Policy One of Congress’s greatest powers is it's control of the Purse Strings. This control means that although the president can order troops into action, Congress must authorize the spending of such an operation.

14. The Military Industrial Complex and Foreign Policy Before Eisenhower left office, he warned of the growing influence of the Military Industrial Complex. The Military Industrial Complex is the relationship between the Military, defense contractors, and congress. The reason this relationship can be so dangerous is that the interests of the Military and the defense contractors often intercede. For instance,consider the military’s need to supply soldiers with the appropriate equipment to fight wars. Both the Military complex and the defense industry benefit: the military wants to protect its troops and ensure success on the battlefield and the defense industry wants to sell such goods to the military and make a profit.

15. The Military Complex and Foreign Policy Another reason the Military Industrial Complex is so influential is because of the close relationships formed between members of the Military and members of the defense industry. Many retired military members become involved in the defense industry or lobbyists for defense contractors.

16. The Media and Foreign Policy The media plays a big part in shaping foreign policy and influencing the conduct of that policy. During both world wars, the media encouraged citizens to help the war effort and bring home a victory for the allies. This created a highly patriotic sensation and there was general support for the war. During Vietnam, journalists stationed abroad gave a much different and grimmer picture of the realities of war. As a result there was an unfavorable view of the war. The media can take a variety of forms of influence over the conduct of foreign policy such as:

17. Agenda setting and public awareness which focuses public attention on policy makers on a particular aspect of Foreign Policy (setting the policy agenda). Investigations which is investigating actions of the government in order to bring a certain topic into light, such as the torture of terrorists in Guantanamo Bay.

18. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy The public does have an effect on the decisions that policy makers create especially when those decisions require a substantial amount of resources (troops, government aid, etc.). In the beginning of the war in Iraq, there was large amounts of public support and so the amount of resources used was huge. When support died down so did the amount of resources that were used. The effect of public opinion on foreign policy is small when compared to the effect it has on domestic issues. Therefore the public is less interested in foreign policy matters and is likely to accept the views and actions of those who make foreign policy decisions.

19. Private Citizens and Foreign Policy Individuals can have an effect on foreign policy through the power of their purse (choosing what to spend their money on). For example, the presence of led in many Chinese manufactured toys has led many consumers to boycott the purchase of toys made in China which resulted in plummeting sales. As a result, Congress has considered a measure that would strengthen regulation guidelines on all imports. Micro lending is also a tool where small amounts of many are donated to poor people. Since World War II, this has contributed to foreign aid to Western European nations’ reconstruction.

20. Private Citizens and Foreign Policy Individuals can also act as advocates on foreign policy issues as well. An example is a foreigner who comes to the United States and spreads the message around that his home country isn't all that bad. That person is an example of a public diplomat, an individual outside government who promotes his or her own country’s interests and thus shapes international perception of that country. Another way is when individuals take personal causes that are related to their ethnic origins to the White House or Congress. This is an influence of domestic interests on foreign policy called intermestics.

21. Section 3: Foreign Policy: Isolationism and Intervention

22. Isolationism and Intervention • Isolationism: nation’s unwillingness to participate in international affairs • The United States was isolated up to World War I • Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand brought them into World War I • Intervention: willingness to get involved in international affairs

23. Foreign Trade and the Erosion of U.S Isolationism • The United States sought to increase its wealth by selling raw materials and supplies to all sides in the Napoleonic wars. • The United States was in a naval war with France when France captured U.S ships • This made neutral international trade difficult to accomplish • These wars lead to impressment • Impressment: forcible removal of merchant sailors from U.S ships on the fake grounds that the sailors were deserts from British Navy

24. The Monroe Doctrine to the Roosevelt Corollary • Monroe Doctrine: declaration that the Americas should not be considered subjects for future colonization by an Euro empire. • With the Americans out of play, European countries were expanding their colonial empires in Africa and the Middle East. • Manifest Destiny: idea that it is the United States’ destiny to spread throughout the North American continent. • Roosevelt Corollary: the U.S had the right to act as an “international police power.” • So the U.S got involved with Latin American problems like Panama.

25. World War I and the End of U.S Isolationism • World War I came about primarily because of balance of power system that dominated the world’s foreign policy decisions • Balance of Power System: system of international alliances that would balance the power of one group of nations against the power of another group. • Collective Defense: allied nations agree to defend one another in the face of invasion • Collective Security: peace could be achieved if nations agreed to collectively oppose any nation that attacked another country.

26. Internationalism and the League of Nations • At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought to organize a League of Nations • League of Nations: a representative body founded in the aftermath of WWI to establish the collective security of nations. • To protect American industry from international competition, in 1930 Congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff. • Imposed significant tax on imported goods. • So other countries responded with placing tariffs on American goods imported into their country.

27. World War II: Foreign Policy at a Crosswords • The Treaty of Versailles created the environment that gave Adolf Hitler the opportunity to succeed politically. • After Pearl Harbor declared war on Japan then Axis Power. • Following years of fighting, the U.S dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which ended the war. • Holocaust: genocide perpetrated against six million Jews, along with political dissidents, Catholics, homosexuals, the disabled, and gypsies. • After the war the U.S had to reconsider its role in foreign policy.

28. Section 4: Post WWII America: The U.S. as a Superpower

29. Responses to the Second World War • Marshall Plan • Helping WWII ravaged nations • The UN • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • Warsaw Pact • International Monetary Fund (exchange rates) • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), as opposed to the World Trade Organization (WTO)

30. The Cold War and Containment • Truman Doctrine (foreign policy of containment established) • Korea (utterly pointless) • Cuban Missile Crisis (JFK and brinksmanship) • Vietnam (the US lost)

31. Detente and the Soviet Collapse • Started with the Nixon Doctrine • Gradual return to peace • Mutual assured destruction (MAD) • Jimmy Carter and the SALT talks • Eased tensions by setting standards on ballistic missiles • Defense Conversion • Reagan doing things • START talks (missile reduction) • With Mikhail Gorbachev • SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)/ “Star Wars” • Russians didn’t appreciate this • Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

32. The US as a Superpower • Boris Yeltsin • First democratically elected Russian president • START II • Elimination of land-based missiles • New problems (1990s) • Attacks in military bases found in Africa • Middle Eastern problems • Palestine question • Yemen attack

33. Section 5 Current and future foreign policy

34. Foreign Policy after 9/11 • 9/11 had a huge effect on US foreign policy: • The Bush Doctrine stated that America should use its role as the world’s only remaining superpower to spread democracy and create conditions of security that benefits itself and our allies.

35. War In Afghanistan • The first response to 9/11 • The US went in targeting Al-Qaeda and the Taliban • In 2004, a democratically elected government was created • The war showed that the U.S. would stop countries supporting terrorism.

36. War In Iraq • The first invasion in Iraq was with George H. W. Bush when Iraq invaded our ally, Kuwait • After 9/11, the US invaded Iraq again because there was supposed evidence of weapons of mass destruction • This created a preventative war • It shifted the policy to anticipating attacks, which means to attack before they invade.

37. Easy Success, Followed by Stalemate • The invasion of Iraq was successful in toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime • But there was still violence, so a military surge policy was created, which added 20,000 troops in Baghdad and Al Ahbar • The US launched the war with very little support of their allies. • The support even further plummeted when it was discovered that US soldiers abused prisoners in Abu Ghraib

38. Problems with Nation Building • The Iraq war caused Bush’s support to lessen, largely because the easy victory turned out to be a long war. • It was very hard to rebuild Iraq after the war. • This was due to a lack of knowledge about the language and culture • There was a powerful insurgency against the US and corporations profiting off the war.

39. Iran and North Korea • Bush wanted to changed Iran’s and North Korea’s regimes, calling them the “axis of evil” and other violent rhetoric. • This characterization changed the American people’s views on these countries.

40. The Ongoing Threat of Terrorism • Terrorism is still a very important issue • It creates terror, disrupts economies, and creates instability. • Nuclear weapons also influence current policy as their effects are catastrophic.

41. Environmental Issues • Climate change is a very large contributor to current policy. • Policies like the Kyoto Protocol, which was a treaty on greenhouse gas emissions but failed to ratify, are pushed. • This increasing climate change push will further push into US foreign policy makes agendas.

42. Technology Potential in Foreign Affairs • Technology is also a large impactor of foreign policy. • It allows people to see how governments in other countries work • It empowers people and is increasingly hard to limit as done in countries like North Korea and China.

43. https://docs.google.com/a/dearbornschools.org/forms/d/1SAyHvhEYUQlsyJpO0nc2szQiPj-u0ZXrZb3orARB4v4/edithttps://docs.google.com/a/dearbornschools.org/forms/d/1SAyHvhEYUQlsyJpO0nc2szQiPj-u0ZXrZb3orARB4v4/edit