Module 5: GHG emissions What is i ncluded in ECAM?

1. Module 5: GHG emissions What is included in ECAM? TRAINING WORKSHOP ECAM Tool: Energy performance and Carbon emissionsAssessment and Monitoring tool

2. RECALL • Interrelation of climate change and the water cycle • Sources of GHG within the urban water cycle • Main steps of WaCCliM Roadmap • What ECAM can be used for • Difference between the initial and detailed assessment • Role of PIs and Variables Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Recognize the different types of emissions • Link the methodology of IPCC and the ECAM tool • Relate the system boundaries of a utility to the associated emissions Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap

4. TYPESOF EMISSIONS GHG N2O CH4 CO2 CH4 Scope 1 direct Scope 3 Indirect Scope 2 Indirect Sludge transport Effluent discharge Collected but untreated Electric energy Fossil fuel combustion Sewers or biological Wastewater treatment Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

5. TYPESOF EMISSIONS AND THEIR IMPACT • Greenhouse gases warm the Earth by absorbing energy and slowing the rate at which the energy escapes to space; they act like a blanket insulating the Earth • The Global Warming Potentials (GWP) have changed over time Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

6. EMISSIONS IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

7. TYPESOF EMISSIONS GHG emissions based on IPCC: Scope 1 – direct GHG emissions within the water or wastewater system, for example, methane or nitrous oxide from sewage treatment Non-electricity related emissions + Scope 2 – indirect GHG emissions associated with the organisation’s grid electricity use Electricity related emissions Scope 3 – all other indirect emissions, which are a consequence of the services provided, but which come from sources not owned or controlled within the water or wastewater system = ECAM Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

8. TYPESOF EMISSIONS • Sub-categories of non-electricity related emissions • Fuel used in engines • Untreated sewage • Treated sewage discharged to river • Biogas production flared or released • Sludge transport • Sludge disposal (landfill, land application) Sub-categories of electricityrelated to emission • Drinking Water • Wastewater Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

9. TYPESOF EMISSIONS • Emissions not included in ECAM • Methane and Nitrous oxide from sewers • Nitrous oxide from biological treatment of wastewater • From staff vehicles • From the manufacturing of chemicals • From the construction and construction materials of facilities • From septic tanks Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

10. Module 5: GHG emissions Calculating GHG emissions TRAINING WORKSHOP ECAM Tool: Energy performance and Carbon emissionsAssessment and Monitoring tool

11. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Calculate typical emissions of drinking water and wastewater utility by hand • Apply Detailed GHG assessment of ECAM tool • Assess baseline performance of drinking water and wastewater utilities Module 3: WaCCliM Roadmap

12. DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Remember • Objective : Understand where GHG emissions come from in more detail Inputs Outputs Quantities monitored by the utility over the assessment period Performance and service level indicators for monitoring progress Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

13. GHG FROM ELECTRICITY GHG Emissions are counted in terms of CO2 equivalent: Conversion factor based on energy mix (CO2e kg/kWh) Energy consumption (kWh/m3) GHG indirect (CO2e kg/m3) Direct and other indirect emissions (CO2e kg/m3) Global GHG emissions (CO2e kg/m3) * corresponds to the 100-year global warming potential for greenhouse gases (GWP100, AR5) reported by IPCC (2013). Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

14. LEARNING EXERCISE EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS • Calculate by hand the following, and discuss: • Utility A, from Jordan, consumes 20 MWh/day from the grid in order to run its drinking water abstraction pumps. How many kg CO2 equivalent does Utility B emit on a monthly basis? The emission factor for Jordan is 0.644kgCO2eq/kWh Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

15. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS Understanding the GHG emissions assessment GHG FROM Methane in the WWTP GHG FROM treated effluent discharge GHG FROM sludge transport GHG FROM untreated effluent discharge GHG FROM on-site engines Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

16. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP Are equal to The methane leaking from the biogas flaring system operation, assuming 2% of the biogas flared is leaked. The methane emitted in the biological treatment process, in poorly aerated zones. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

17. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP • Input Data to estimate the Biogas flared • At Initial Assessment: • If YES to : “Are you producing biogas?” AND • If NO to : “Are you valorizing biogas?”, • then it is assumed that 100% of the produced biogas is flared. • The Serviced population in the urban wastewater system is used to estimate the biogas production assuming a theoretical average operation of an anaerobic digester, and standard BOD load per person entering the sewage. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

18. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP At Detailed Assessment: • The actual biogas produced by the digester MINUS the actual biogas valorised is used to estimate the amount of biogas flared. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

19. LEARNING EXERCISE EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS • Calculate by hand the following, and discuss: • Utility B, from Brazil, flares 16000 Nm3 of biogas per month. Calculate how many CO2 equivalent per month Utility A emits due to direct release of 2% biogas (caused by leakages). The conversion factor for methane is 34 kgCO2/Kg CH4 Assume that the biogas contains 60% methane. The density of biogas is appoximately 0.66 kg/Nm3. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

20. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 1. GHG emission from methane in the WWTP Input data to estimate the methane produced in the biological treatment process • At Initial Assessment: • Is estimated based on the BOD influent • At Detailed Assessment: • The BOD in the influent MINUS the amount of BOD removed as sludge is used to estimate the amount of methane emitted. • It is multiplied by an IPCC “WWTP emission factor” which qualifies the amount of poorly aerated zones in the treatment. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

21. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 2. GHG emission from treated effluent discharge Are equal to N2Oemissions (Nitrous Oxide) from the nitrogen still contained in the treated wastewater discharged Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

22. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 2. GHG emission from treated effluent discharge Input data to estimate emissions from treated effluent • At Initial GHG Assessment: • Total nitrogen concentration in the effluent • At Detailed GHG Assessment : • Total nitrogen load in the effluent over the assessment period (more precise than using average concentration times the flow, as in the initial assessment) Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

23. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 3. GHG from sludge transport Input data to estimate emissions from Fuel • At Initial and Detailed GHG Assessment: • The number of trips time the distance to disposal site is used to calculate fuel consumption. • The Type of fuel asked to the user: Diesel, Gasoline • Each type of fuel has three emission factors associated to it for CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

24. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 4. GHG emissions from untreated wastewater discharge Are equal to • N2O emissions (Nitrous Oxide) from the nitrogen contained in untreated sewage • AND • CH4 emissions (Methane) from the BOD contained in untreated sewage Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

25. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 4. GHG emissions from untreated wastewater discharge Input data to estimate emissions from untreated sewage • At Initial Assessment: • The “Population connected” minus the “service population” is multiplied by standard protein consumption orBOD production per pers. • At Detailed GHG Assessment : • The standard protein consumption • and BOD production per person • can be adjusted by the user. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

26. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 5. GHG emissions from onsite engines Are equal to to the emissions from burning the fuel • CO2 emissions and N2O emissions (Nitrous Oxide) and CH4 emissions (Methane) • Which all occur in different proportions depending on the type of fuel Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

27. TUTORIAL: UNDERSTANDING GHG CALCULATIONS 5. GHG emissions from onsite engines Input data to estimate emissions from FUEL • At Initial Assessment and Detailed GHG Assessment : • The Volume of Fuel multiplied by emission factors based on the type of fuel • The Type of fuel asked to the user: Diesel, Petrol or Natural Gas • Each type of fuel has three emission factors associated to it for CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

28. LEARNING EXERCISE EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS • Calculate by hand the following, and discuss: • Utility C, from Mexico, uses Diesel fuel engines for pumps, consuming 80 liter/day. How many kg CO2 equivalent does Utility C emit on a yearly basis? • Consider the emission factor for diesel fuel to be 2.5 kg CO2 per liter. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

29. Module 5: GHG emissions Detailed GHG Assessment with ECAM - tutorial TRAINING WORKSHOP ECAM Tool: Energy performance and Carbon emissionsAssessment and Monitoring tool

30. DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Remember • Objective : Understand where GHG emissions come from in more detail. Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

31. TYPESOF EMISSIONS Flows Understanding the difference between flows: The unit “m3” can mean different things! Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

32. DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Assessing Energy Performance: • Objective: Understand if and where GHG emissions from electricity can be reduced. • A detailed assessment of the energy performance provides the relative weight of each stage and at facility (substage) level. • Inputs: - quantities monitored by the utility over the assessment period - description of the facility (size, length of pipe, type of treatment, etc..) • Outputs: benchmarked performance indicators to assess potential for improvements Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

33. DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Energy IN = Energy OUT • Energy OUT: • Surplus Renewable Electricity (self-produced) sold • (not yet included in the tool) • Energy consumption for operating equipment • Energy IN: • Grid electricity purchased • Renewable Electricity (self-produced) system Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

34. Energy purchased from the grid in urban wastewater systems Energy purchased from the grid in urban drinking water systems DETAILED GHG ASSESSMENT Electricity Inputs (Initial & Detailed assessment) Initial Assessment Total Electric energy consumption for pumping discharged wastewater Treatment Total electric energy consumption Distribution Total electric energy consumption Collection Total electric energy consumption Abstraction Total electric energy consumption Treatment Total electric energy consumption Electric energy produced from turbines Energy produced during wastewater discharge through turbines Electric energy produced from biogas valorization Deatiled Assessment Electric energy produced from turbines Whenenergy is produced and self consumed: energy purchased from the grid < sum of total energy consumed per stage Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

35. SUB-STAGES Performance indicator with benchmark at sub-stage level For example: Standardized energy consumption Reference values for benchmarking: Good: 0.2725 ≤ wcE3 ≤ 0.45 Acceptable: 0.45 < wcE3 ≤ 0.68 Unsatisfactory: wcE3 > 0.68 Substage data PumpingHead (m) Proposed improvement: Differentiate benchmark values for submersible or external motors P (kW) = γ Q ∆H Specificweigth (9800 N/m3) = kWh/m3 = = Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

36. LEARNING EXERCISE EXERCISE: DETAILED GHG ASSESMENT • Let’s review the data together for the drinking water stages for Thailand: • Open the example json file • Analyse all the results and discuss in small groups. Now go back to the Drinking Water Supply section: is the value for Volume of authorized consumption per person per day correctly computed? Why? What is the relevance of this data? • How does non-revenue water relate to GHG emissions? • Inspect how the service level PIs are calculated by clicking on the blue hyperlinks. Notice that certain variables light up yellow once you hover over the PIs. Do you understand why? • Add one substage for the water distribution stage. Ensure that the total sum does not change. • Now clear the file and start a new one to develop your own assessment, and save the file . Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment

37. LEARNING EXERCISE EXERCISE: CALCULATING OF GHG EMISSIONS Let’s review the data together for the wastewater stages for Thailand: What is the importance of reporting data regarding BOD concentrations? What is their relationship with GHG emissions? In wastewater treatment, indicate that biogas is produced and insert a reasonable number. What are the associated emissions for this? Now choose to valorize 80% of this biogas and review the results again. What has been the impact on the overall emmissions? Indicate how you can simulate that this inflow and infiltration is occuring at this utility? What is the impact on the emissions? Calculate the impact on total emissions if 20% of the wastewater is reused. Would this be a realistic scenario for your utility? Now clear the file and start a new one to develop your own assessment, and save the file . Module 5: Detailed GHG assessment