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Chemistry of Life

Chemistry of Life. Structure of an Atom. Subatomic particles Nucleus Proton Neutron Q uarks Electrons Outside the nucleus Different distances (levels, clouds) Move randomly Size. How are Elements Different?. Atomic number # of protons Mass # # of protons + # of neutrons

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Chemistry of Life

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  1. Chemistry of Life

  2. Structure of an Atom • Subatomic particles • Nucleus • Proton • Neutron • Quarks • Electrons • Outside the nucleus • Different distances (levels, clouds) • Move randomly • Size

  3. How are Elements Different? • Atomic number • # of protons • Mass # • # of protons + # of neutrons • Atomic mass

  4. Use the Periodic Table • Carbon • Atomic # • # of protons • # of electrons • Mass # • # of protons + # of neutrons • Most common form of carbon • Carbon – 14 • 14 = mass # • # of protons • # of electrons • # of neutrons • Isotope : same # of protons, but different # of neutrons from most common form

  5. Boron – 11 • # of protons • # of electrons • # of neutrons • Isotope? • Boron – 10 • # of protons • # of electrons • # of neutrons • Isotope?

  6. Daily Review • Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of the following • Fluorine-20 • Helium-4 • Which of those compounds is an isotope?

  7. Water – Why is it important? • Makes up a lot of living things • Many useful/helpful properties • Polarity • Lopped side appearance • One side slightly positive • Creates solutions • Because of charge can dissolve • Other polar and ionic (fully charged) • 2 or 3 types of compounds • Examples • Can break apart other substances • Creates suspensions • Examples http://www.sserc.org.uk/wwwroot2/prim3/new_guidelines/Newsletters/39/Water_related_activities.htm http://www.docstoc.com/docs/86263495/colloids

  8. Can hold lots of heat • Takes more energy to heat up • Releases energy back more slowly • Examples • Is more dense as a liquid

  9. Hydrogen Bonds • Very strong between molecules • Each water can have 4 H-bonds • Causes • Cohesion • Adhesion • Capillary action • Surface tension http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/common_water_strider.htm http://scienceprojectideasforkids.com/2010/capillary-action-transpiration/

  10. pH • Water breaks down to H+ and OH- • pH = how much H+ • pH of 7 means H+ and OH- are equal • Acids • pH lower than 7 • Lower # = stronger • Examples • Bases • pH higher than 7 • Higher # = stronger • Examples • Buffers • Help with homeostasis

  11. Daily Review • Define: • Cohesion • Adhesion • pH • Describe 4 reasons why water is a versatile molecule that is important to living beings • Stomach acid has a pH of 2 and ocean water has a pH of 8 • Which one is acidic? • Which one is closer to being neutral?

  12. Other Basic Chemistry • Atom • Molecule • Atoms are generally neutral • Ions • Atom with a charge • Sodium • 11 protons + 11 electrons = neutral • Gains or loses electrons • 11 protons + 10 electrons = +1 Caffeine http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caffeine_Molecule.png http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/propulsion/1-what-is-an-ion.html

  13. Chemical Bonds • Make molecules • An attraction, not a physical thing • Hydrogen • Ionic • Involves ions • Gaining/losing electrons • Very strong • Covalent • Sharing electrons • Not as strong • More common http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/covalent_ionic_bonds.php

  14. Elements of life • C, H, N, O, P, S • Organic • Contains C and H • Covalent bonds • Usually large molecules • In living things • Inorganic • No C (unless simple, like CO or CO2) • Examples – water, O2, N2 http://bhavanajagat.com/tag/oxygen-cycle/ http://missehonorsbio.blogspot.com/2012/09/organic-molecules-introduction.html

  15. Macromolecule • Definition • Polymer • Made of monomers • Each bond created releases water • Breaking a bond releases water

  16. Polymers of Biology

  17. Carbohydrates • Basics • 1C:2H:1O • Main source of energy • Structural • Monosaccharides • Simple sugar • Glucose • Galactose • Fructose • Disaccharides • 2 sugars • Sucrose = glucose + fructose • Lactose = glucose + galactose http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/candy/sugar.html

  18. Complex Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Starch • Storage in plants • Glucose units • Glycogen • Storage in animals • Released from liver • Glucose units • Cellulose • Glucose units • Structure in plants • Wood

  19. Daily review • Fill in the chart with the missing vocabulary terms • Define: • Ions • Chemical bond • Macromolecule • Polymer • Give examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

  20. Lipids • Fats, waxes, oils, steroids, hormones • Insoluble in water • Glycerol + fatty acid(s) • Functions • Cell structure • More efficient energy storage (9 vs. 4 calories) • Communication • Steroids • Ring of carbons • Hormones • Cholesterol http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Summaries/Macromol.html http://www.raw-milk-facts.com/cholesterol_primer_T3.html

  21. Saturated vs. unsaturated • Saturated • All single carbon bonds • Solid • Examples • Unsaturated • Carbon to carbon double bond(s) • Liquid • Examples • Good vs. bad http://escapinganergy.blogspot.com/2011/06/diving-into-high-fat-diet-promotes.html

  22. Nucleic acids • Contains C, H, N, O, P • Made from nucleotides • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate group • Nitrogenous base (5 different) • Purpose – genetic information • DNA, RNA http://www.nist.gov/oles/forensics/biology_dna.cfm

  23. Daily review • Name what each is made of and a use for each: • Carbohydrate • Nucleic acid • Lipid • What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

  24. Proteins • Contain C, H, N, O • Made of amino acids • Very specific order or amino acids • Complex 3d shape • Chain of amino acids = polypeptide chain • Folds and crumples • May have multiple subunits • Function • Structural • Nutrient storage • Transportation • Identification of cells (defense) • Enzymes http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/cellular-macromolecules/proteins.php

  25. Proteins are sensitive • Change shape easily • Denature • Caused by changes in • Temperature • pH • Salt concentration • Molecules present • May permanently disable the protein or cause it to malfunction • Frying an egg http://biology-pictures.blogspot.com/2011/11/denaturation-of-proteins.html http://chefsblade.monster.com/training/articles/216-food-science-basics-denaturing-proteins

  26. Chemical reactions • Atoms don’t change • Atoms rearranged • Chemical bonds broken and formed • Usually requires energy - activation energy • Getting energy slows down the reaction

  27. Enzymes • Proteins • Catalyst • Not changed • Lowers activation energy • Speeds up reaction • Lock and key • Substrate • Active site • Will not work if denatured • Used in most biological processes http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab2/active.html

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