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Hydrologic cycle describes recycling of water near Earth ’ s surface

Hydrologic cycle describes recycling of water near Earth ’ s surface. P. ~90% of water that evaporates over the ocean rains back on the ocean - only ~10% rains over land. Fig. 5.15. P. Size of Reservoirs. S. Table of reservoir sizes. P. Comparison of river Water and ocean water.

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Hydrologic cycle describes recycling of water near Earth ’ s surface

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  1. Hydrologic cycle describes recycling of water near Earth’s surface P ~90% of water that evaporates over the ocean rains back on the ocean - only ~10% rains over land Fig. 5.15

  2. P Size of Reservoirs

  3. S Table of reservoir sizes

  4. P Comparison of river Water and ocean water They don’t balance -WHY?

  5. P Flux (output) Flux (input) Reservoir Source Sink Ocean Reservoir (dissolved CO2) Source (atmospheric CO2) Sink (carbonate shells To sediments) The concept of reseviors, sources and sinks

  6. S Flux (output) Flux (input) Reservoir Source Sink Bank Account (Balance) Source (Deposits) Sink (Withdrawals) A common example of a reservoir, sources And sinks

  7. P Sources and Sinks of Dissolved Substances SOURCES SINKS River input Volcanic infiltrations Precipitation Adsorption Hydrothermal vents Sea spray Volcanic eruptions Biological processes Dust

  8. P A diagram of sources and sinks of Dissolved substances in the oceans

  9. P Residence time • Average length of time a substance remains dissolved in seawater • Assumes steady state condition • Ions with long residence time are in high concentration in seawater • Ions with short residence time are in low concentration in seawater 504

  10. S Major Processes Affecting Residence Times Chemical reactions Biological demand Input from mid-ocean spreading centers Input from rivers

  11. S Flux (output) Flux (input) Reservoir Source Sink Reservoir (dissolved CO2) Source (atmospheric CO2) Sink (carbonate shells To sediments) The ocean as a reservoir of carbon dioxide

  12. P The shorter the residence, the more reactive the element

  13. S Residence Time of Water TOTAL AMOUNT OF WATER IN OCEAN = 40,000 years AMOUNT ADDED FROM RIVERS PER YEAR THE ABOVE DIVISION GIVES YEARS AND IS THE RESIDENCETIME FOR WATER IN THE OCEAN RESERVOIR. RIVERS COULD FILL THE OCEAN IN 40,000 YEARS, A VERY SHORT TIME GEOLOGICALLY

  14. P There are unreactive constitiuents with long residence times AND reactive ones with short residence times

  15. S 501 A plot of the previous table

  16. S The Dead Sea

  17. S Location of the Dead Sea

  18. S A table comparing these three hypersaline bodies of water

  19. P Relative to nitrogen, there is much more oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater

  20. P Solubility of Gases Solubility increases as temperature decreases Solubility increases as pressure increases The relationship among temperature, pressure And solubility of gases

  21. Animation of oxygen changes with depth is on the website

  22. 13_01 P Photosynthesis produces oxygen, Respiration uses up oxygen

  23. Processes that affect oxygen concentrations

  24. P Oxygen minimum Dissolved oxygen vertical profile

  25. P Where deep water with high oxygen comes from

  26. P

  27. Hypoxic (low oxygen) area in Gulf of Mexico

  28. S

  29. P Oxygen minimum Carbon dioxide vertical profile

  30. S Carbonate buffering • Keeps ocean pH about same (8.1) • pH too high, carbonic acid releases H+ • pH too low, bicarbonate combines with H+ • Precipitation/dissolution of calcium carbonate CaCO3 buffers ocean pH • Oceans can absorb CO2 from atmosphere without much change in pH

  31. Carbonate buffering S Fig. 5.18

  32. P Carbonate equilibrium buffers seawater against large changes in pH

  33. S pH scale

  34. S Global surface pH

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