Welcome to BIOL 252 Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Welcome to BIOL 252 Human Anatomy and Physiology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRoSy1Hwouo

2. Welcome to BIOL 252 Human Anatomy and Physiology Dr. Gidi Shemer bishemer@email.unc.edu http://www.bio.unc.edu/Courses/2011Fall/Biol252Sections456/ Office: Wilson Hall G41 Office hours: Mon and Wed 01:00-04:00

3. Labs Wilson 111, 212 My office Wilson G41

4. Departmental Advising http://www.bio.unc.edu/Faculty/Shemer/ Available courses Research opportunities Choosing the right course Graduate school in Biology Career decisions Resources at UNC BIT Biology Tutorial center

5. Anatomy and Physiology ??

6. Anatomy : the study of structure Physiology : the study of function - The labs will mainly deal with Anatomy - Coordinated by Dr. Corey Johnson - Self-work with 3D models - Short assignment on Bb BEFORE the lab - Short quiz on the day of the lab - First lab: second week

7. In the lectures….

8. Grading 25% x 3 exams = 75% lab exercises and exams = 25% (Participation in class?) Lectures are important No notes provided Use the ppt handouts Answer review questions THINK!!!

9. Textbook Philip Tate

10. How to study for this class Big picture (concepts) Details Big picture (how all the details work together) - Answer the review questions - Use the book and your friends to review the material - Make sure you do NOT memorize unnecessary details - Follow this pattern for each section (system/subsystem)

11. Blackboard • You are ALL on section 004 • Announcements • Syllabus, schedule • Power points • Assigned readings • Links • Grades

12. Registration • Sign-up sheet available up front • - Those with relevant needs have priority • 1. Major requirement – e.g. nursing • 2. Otherwise: Seniors > Juniors > Sophomores • - Being pre- (med, dental, vet, ophthalmology, etc.) does not constitute a priority

13. Poll Everywhere • Answering my questions in the classroom via text messages/website • Multiple choice and free text • Follow the guidelines posted on the website and on Blackboard (use your Onyen email address) • Participation is mandatory

14. What are we going to study this semster? Two key take home messages

15. Two key take home messages 1) Function follows form

16. Two key issue during the semester 1) Function follows form

17. 2) The most important term in physiology

18. Homeostasis How the varied components of living things adjust to maintain a constant internal environment that makes possible optimal functioning WB Cannon So we have a balanced state, but it is NOT static!! Homeostatic Imbalances = Diseases (e.g. diabetes)

19. Levels of organization Cellular Chemical (Smooth muscle) Tissue (Blood vessel) Organismal Organ (Cardiovascular system) Organ system

20. Our body systems The basic body systems Maintenance • Integumentary system • Skeletal system • Muscular system • Cardiovascular system • Lymphatic system • Immune system • Respiratory system • Digestive system • Urinary system Regulation • Nervous system • Endocrine system Continuity • Reproductive system

21. Directional terms

22. Planes of the body Frontal plane Sagittal plane mid/ para Transverse plane

24. An organ is composed of different tissues Epithelial cells Connective tissue Muscle tissue

25. Nervous system

26. The Nervous System http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4uh2r1djWw

27. The Nervous System - General organization - The basic units- the cells - Neurophysiology - Neural interactions Brain, Spinal cord, Neuronal pathways, Special senses

28. The Human Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The Central Nervous System (CNS)

29. The Nervous System Monitors changes PNS CNS Processes and interprets Causes a response

30. Central Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system sensory motor Sensory (Afferent) Motor (Efferent) Autonomic Somatic

31. Neurons “The Mysterious Butterflies of the Soul” Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) “As the entomologist chasing butterflies of bright colors, my attention was seeking in the garden of gray matter, those cells of delicate and elegant forms, the mysterious butterflies of the soul, whose fluttering wings would someday—who knows?—enlighten the secret of mental life”

32. Neurons “The Mysterious Butterflies of the Soul” Santiago Ramón y Cajal Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1906

33. The neuron

34. Most of our wiring is insulated Myelin sheath

35. Myelin sheath • Whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), segmented sheath around most long (NOT ALL) axons • It functions to: • - Protect the axon • - Electrically insulate fibers from one another • - Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

36. Myelin sheath • Formed by Schwann cells in the PNS • A Schwann cell: • - Envelopes an axon in a trough • - Has concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath

37. Axons are bundled together to form fascicles CNS: axon bundles formtracts PNS: axon bundles form nerves

38. Neurons are not alone

39. Neurons are not alone: The supporting neuroglia CNS

40. Astrocytes • - Support and brace neurons • - Anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies • - Guide migration of young neurons • - Control the chemical environment

41. Microglia The “Immune System” of the CNS • - Small, ovoid cells with spiny processes • - Turn into phagocytes upon inflammation (monitor the health of neurons, in the absence of macrophages, due to the BBB)

42. Ependymal cells - Ciliated epithelial cells lining the central cavities of the brain and spinal column - Forming a permeable barrier between the CSF and nervous tissue CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) - Beating cilia helps circulating the CSF

43. -Beating cilia helps circulating the CSF A B Banizs et al. Development (2005)

44. Neurons are Not Alone: The supporting neuroglia CNS

45. Oligodendrocytes - Insulators of the thick neurons of the CNS - A single oligodendrocyte can form myelin sheaths around several axons

46. The supporting neuroglia in the CNS

47. The supporting neuroglia in the PNS • - Schwann cells • surround and insulate axons • (the “oligodendrocytes” of the PNS) • Satellite cells • Support an nourish cell bodies (“astrocytes” of the PNS)

48. Summary Central Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system sensory motor Sensory (Afferent) Motor (Efferent) Somatic (skin, skeletal muscle and joints) Visceral (internal organs) Autonomic Somatic Smooth and cardiac muscles; Glands Skeletal muscles

49. Summary Not all neurons look like that