Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 10 BLOOD

2. I.Composition and Functions of BloodA.Components hematocrit erthrocytyes Buffy coat • . • Only fluid tissue in body • A __________________ in which the cells-formed elements are the _____________________in a _______________matrix known as ________________. • Fibrin strands apparent during blood clotting • For a blood sample spun in a centrifuge,elements to bottom and plasma to top,RBCS=________________________@ bottom and wt.___________ between them and plasma….=___________________=WBC’s and platelets(cell fragments that help stop bleeding • RBC’s=45% of the blood fraction(_________________)/WBC’s<1%/plasma~ 55% Living blood cells Non-living matrix plasma Connective tissue leukocytes

3. B.Physical Characteristics and Volume • Sticky,opaque fluid fluid • Metallic taste • Color varies from scarlet(O2 rich to dull red--- O2 poor • Heavier than water and 5x more viscous • pH 7.35-7.45 • 38 C or 100.4 F • 8% body weight • Volume in healthy men is ________________________________ 5-6 L or ~ 6 quarts

4. C. Plasma • 90% water-liquid part of blood • Dissolves about 100 different substances-______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Nutrients,salts,respiratory gases,hormones,plasma proteins,various wastes and products off cell metabloism

5. ______________________--most abundant solutes most made by liver,except antibodies and certain hormones • Example:___________________-carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation,is blood buffer,contributes to osmotic pressure of blood,keeping water warm in blood stream. albumin Plasma proteins

6. Clotting proteins • Antibodies to fight pathogens • Liver is stimulated to make more proteins when level falls to low and respiratory and urinary system are stimulated to come to bat when blood is too • acidic or alkaline

7. D. Formed elements • 1)________________________or RBC’s-function to ferry O2 in blood to all cells of the body • _______________----lack a nucleus and have few organelles • A Hb bearing molecule • Lack mitochondria,so make ATP anaerobically…saving on the O2 they carry • Biconcave discs(donuts)-great for gas exchange Erthrocytes FYI----Hb=hemoglobin anucleate

8. Sickle-cell anemia 1000 to 1 anemia • Outnumber wbc’s_________________and main reason behind blood viscosity • 13-18 g/mL Hb male • ___________=decrease in O2 –carrying ability of the blood • _________________=abnormal shape in Hb is formed ,thus not allowing as many O2 molecules to unload • ______________=an increase in # of RBC’s and may result from bone marrow cancer or from living at high altitudes-increases blood viscosity Polycythemia

10. 2.Leukocytes=WBC’s • 4000-11,000wbc/mm3(<1%total blood volume) • Complete cell • Can go in and out blood vessels to form protective army • ____________________-leaping across • ________________________________allows them to find damaged cells and they move to spot by ameboid motion diapedesis Positive chemotaxis

11. _______=total WBC count above 11,000-indicating a bacterial or viral infection • _____________=low WBC count usually caused by drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer drugs • ___________=bone marrow becomes cancerous and huge numbers of WBC’s are immature and incapable of carrying out normal protective function-so you are prey to infection and rbc’s are outnumbered as well as platelets leukemia leukopenia leukocytosis

12. TWO GROUPS OF WBC’S:-GRANULOCYTES and AGRANULOCYTES • GRANULOCYTES:granule containing,lobed nuclei,several rounde nuclear areas,cytoplasm stains w/ Wright’s stain • Neutrophils-most numerous;multilobed nucleus and very fine granules;phagocytes of esp. bacteria and fungi • ______________-blue-red nucleus that looks like phone receiver,lysosome-like,brick-red cytoplasmic granules/ increases much during allergies and parasitic infections • _____________________-rarest-has lg,histamine granules that stain dark blue(Histamine is an _____________________________________________________ Basinophils Inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBC’s the inflammatory site Eosinophils

13. AGRANULOCYTES:lack visible cyoplasmic granules,more of a normal nucleus • ________-large dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume-goes to lymphatic tissue;2nd most numerous wbc • __________________-largest WBC;u-shaped nucleus;when they go into tissues they chanhe into macro phages lymphocytes monocytes

14. Never (neutrophils) • Let (lymphocytes) • Monkeys(monocytes) • Eat (eosinophils) • Bananas(Basinophils)

15. Platelets-not cells=megakaryocytes---needed for clotting

16. E.Hematopoiesis • In red bone marrow-myeloid tissue-in skull and pelvis,ribs,sternum.humerus,and,femur • ______________________---common stem cell-see chart p.347 • As young cell has produced lots of hemoglobin,the nucleus and most organelles are ejected and cell collapses inward and you have a _______________,still having some_____________ • They enter bloodstream to transport O2 and will eject ER w/in 2 days(Maturation 3-5 days) • __________________________is the hormone controlling RBC production rate-produced by the liver and mostly the kidneys Hemocyto-blast erthropoietin ER reticulocyte

17. F.Formation of WBC’s and Platelets • Stimulated by hormones:__________ and _____________-not only prompt red bone marrow to tun out WBC’s,but also assemble an army of WBC’s to ward off attacks by helping WBC’s protect • ________________--accelerates production of platelets • _____________-Long needle used in red bone marrow to test for such as aplastic anemia or leukemia Colony stimulating factors (CSF’s) and interleukins thrombopoietin Bone marrow biopsy

18. II.Hemostasis=stoppage of bleeding-3 phases • 1)Vascular spasms occur-immediate release of blood to blood vessel injury is_____________-causes spasms…narrows at that point,decreasing blood loss,until clotting can happen • 2)Platelet Plug forms-repelled by intact endothelium,but when broken and collagen is exposed,platelets become sticky and cling to site.They release chemicals to enhance spasms and attract more platelets-a _______________forms • 3)Coagulation events occur……… Platelet plug or white thrombus forms vasoconstriction

19. Coagulation cont’d • a.TF(tissue Factor)-helping clotting--- is released • b. PF3________________-interacts w/TF and other blood clotting proteins activating a clotting cascade • c. prothrombin activator---converts prohtrombin in plasma to thrombin-an enzyme • d. Thrombin joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into insoluble____________________----forms a mesh work that traps RBC’s and begins a clot----read p.350…..happens 3-6 min. A phospholipid fibrin