CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/whales

http://www.fineartradiography.com/images/nautilus-pos.jpg How to avoid sinking • Increase buoyancy • Gas containers • Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or… • Swim bladder Fig. 14.2 http://www.geocities.com/darthdusan/nautilusNYCaquarium.jpg

http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/~natsirt/aph162/webpages/dylanandco/lab1/imagehttp://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/~natsirt/aph162/webpages/dylanandco/lab1/image http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/people/klf/MicroGalleryLarge_files/Forams1.jpg How to avoid sinking • Float – less dense than SW or neutral • Microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests • Radiolarians • Foraminifers • Copepods • Macroscopic zooplankton may have oil droplets • Krill (resemble mini-shrimp or large copepods) Foraminifers Fish egg with oil droplet Krill http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/watercolumn/euphausiid/images

Figure 14.6

How to avoid sinking • Floating macroscopic zooplankton • Cnidarians • Hydrozoan (Portuguese man-of-war) gas-filled float • Scyphozoan (jellyfish) soft low-density bodies http://www.aboututila.com/Photos/AdamLaverty/

http://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gifhttp://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gif How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • Fish – swim by curving body from front to back http://www.jupitergreetings.com/files/anims/thumbnails/266_sm.gif Fig. 14.9 http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/sixcms/media.php/591

http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpghttp://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpg How to avoid sinking Unknown deep sea squid • Active swimming – Squid • Swim by trapping water and expelling it • Also swim by using fins http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues96/may96 http://www.fishingnj.org/jpegs

How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • sea turtles use flippers • marine mammals use up/down tail movements Sperm whale http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/canlilar/img

Fin designs in fish • Vertical fins as stabilizers – dosral and anal fins • Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins for “steering” and balance • Tail fin (caudal) for thrust http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish_fins.gif

Fin designs in fish • Rounded caudal finsflexible, maneuver at slow speeds • Truncate finsand forked fins, useful for both maneuvering and thrust • Lunate finsrigid, lots of thrust for fast swimmers • Heterocercal finsasymmetrical, lift for buoyancy (shark)

Fin designs in fish Fig. 14-10a

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170960108002.png Adaptations for finding prey • Mobility • Lungers wait for prey and pounce (grouper) • Mainly white muscle tissue • Cruisers actively seek prey (tuna) • Mostly red muscle tissue

Adaptations for finding prey • Swimming speed • Speed generally proportional to size • Can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation) http://images.inmagine.com/img/imagezoo/iz125/iz125022.jpg http://chemistry.csudh.edu/faculty/jim/cozmay06best/barracuda.jpg

Adaptations to finding prey • Most fish cold-blooded but some are warm-blooded • Homeothermic-body temperature above sea water temperature • Modifications in circulatory system • Mainly in fast-swimming fish http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/10/051031133653.jpg

Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Mainly fish that consume detritus or each other • Lack of abundant food • Bioluminescence • Fishing lures • Large, sensitive eyes Anglerfish w/ males Lanternfish http://www.antoranz.net/CURIOSA/ZBIOR2/C0301 http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/myctophid1.jpg

Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Large sharp teeth • Expandable bodies • Hinged jaws Gulper eel http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/b

Adaptations of deep-water nekton Fig. 14-13

Figure 14.12

Adaptations to avoid predation • Schooling • “Safety in numbers” • School may appear as single larger unit • Schooling maneuvers confuse predator http://www.oceanbrite.com/gallery/d/811-2/Fish_School.jpg

Some taxonomy…… • Fish • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Chondrichtyes – cartilaginous fish • Sharks, rays • Class Osteichthyes – bony fish

Marine Mammals • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Carnivora • Sea otters • Polar Bears • Pinnipeds – Family Odobenidae (walrus), Family Otariidae (Sea lions), Family Phocidae (seals) • Order Sirenia • Manatees and dugongs • Order Cetacea • Whales

Whales • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales – dolphins, orcas, sperm whales) • Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales – blue whale, gray whale)

http://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpghttp://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpg Marine mammals • Land-dwelling ancestors • Warm-blooded • Breathe air • Hair/fur • Bear live young • Mammary glands for milk http://images.aad.gov.au/img.py/8bb.jpg

http://www.sierraclub.org/compass/uploaded_images/otter-700966.jpghttp://www.sierraclub.org/compass/uploaded_images/otter-700966.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Prominent canine teeth • Sea otters • Polar bears http://www.birdsasart.com/Sea-Otter-w-pup-_T9J9119-Cordova,-AK.jpg http://www.gaszappers.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/3-lazy-polar-bears.jpg

http://images.livescience.com/images/071008-walrus-04.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Walruses • Eat crustaceans with tusks • Seals http://www.cambriarealty.com/images/seal_pic1.jpg

http://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpghttp://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Sea lions • Fur seals http://neilshedden.com/africa/images/animals/seals3.jpg

http://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpghttp://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpg Marine mammals • Sirenia • Herbivores • Manatees • Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean • Dugongs • Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/Photos/Dugong%20CL25_1b.jpg

http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/wszhale.gif Marine mammals • Cetacea • Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming • Specialized skin (dermal ridges) structure for fast swimming • Whales • Toothed - carnivores • Baleen – filter feeders http://faculty.mccfl.edu/rizkf/OCE1001/Images/whales2.jpg

http://www.alaska-passages-yacht-charters.com/breach_1.gif Cetacea Fig. 14.18

http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpghttp://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpg Marine mammals • Dolphins vs. porpoises • Dolphins (Delphinidae) • 35 species • Beaks • melon (fatty organ in forehead) • Prominent, curved dorsal fin • conical, undifferentiated teeth • Range in size from 1.5 m Hector's dolphin to 9 m killer whales • Porpoises (Phocoenidae) • 6 species • Lack prominent beak • laterally compressed teeth • More triangular dorsal fin Bottlenose dolphin Harbor porpoise http://www-heb.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/community/ education/images/harbourporpoise/teeth2_small.gif http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94551&rendTypeId=4

http://www.keanani.com/dolphin_Animation.gif http://www.freewebs.com/cetaceanrc/SpermWhale1.jpg Cetacea • Adaptations for deep diving • Use oxygen efficiently • Able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled • Able to store large quantities of oxygen – high levels of myoglobin and hemoglobin • Able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs • Slowed cardiac rate • Muscles insensitive to buildup of CO2 • Collapsible lungs http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/444_dir/VSmith/Page1.html#skin

Adaptations for deep diving Sperm whales can dive up to 1 hour, 52 min. and to 3 km deep http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/444_dir/VSmith/Page1.html#skin

http://hearingresearch.net/pix/FultonCaldwell.gif Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti(toothed) • Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale • Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects • Clicks produced in nasal air sacs are focused by the melon • Echos received thru lower jaw  middle ear • Determine shape, size of objects http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.100.html

http://www.nodium.com/wp-content/img/article/503.jpg Intelligence in toothed whales • Large brains relative to body size • Communicate with each other • Brains convoluted • Trainable • Are they intelligent? http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/images/jerison1.gif

Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Fig. 14.23 Right whale baleen • Baleen whales • Blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale, right whale • Fibrous plates of baleensieve prey items • Vocalized sounds for various purposes Right whale feeding http://www.coastalstudies.org/what-we-do/right-whales/fieldnotes.htm

http://www.howardhall.com/stories/Gray%20Whale1H.jpg Gray whale migration • 22,000 km (13,700 mi) annual migration from coastal Arctic Ocean to Baja California and Mexico • Feeding grounds in Arctic (summer) • Breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern Pacific (winter) Fig. 14-25

Whales as endangered species • Fewer whales now than before whaling • International Whaling Treaty • Hunting of gray whale banned in 1938 • Gray removed from endangered list in 1993 as populationrebounded Fig. 14.26 http://typingisnotactivism.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/japan-whaling-2008.jpg

http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ Marine reptiles Green • Sea turtles • Prey depends on species Greenseat seagrass(gut flora digests cellulose) Loggerheadseat conch Leatherbackseat jellyfish • Nest on beaches: predation, lights on dunes • Many overexploited Loggerhead Leatherback http://swfsc.nmfs.noaa.gov/PRD/PROGRAMS/turtles http://www.fws.gov/endangered/i

Marine iguanas of Galapagos Islands • Feed on submerged algae • Dive for up to 20 minutes • Must surface before they become too cold and can’t climb out of water http://www.surtrek.com/en/images/Program_pics/photogallery/gps http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%20zoo/they%20walk/iguana

Sea snakes of Pacific • Highly poisonous • Truly aquatic - reproduce in water - live-bearers http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/sotr/1998/photos http://www.oceanbrite.com/albums/Fiji/

CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment