Exploring Contending Loyalties: Identity, Culture, and Nationalism in Canada

1. Chapter 5 • Exploring Loyalties

2. Contending Loyalties • My family • Region • Culture • Race • Country • Humankind • Friends • Employer • School • Environment • Religion • Political Beliefs

3. Hyphenated Identity • Read 99-100 • Look at Perspective #1 and #2 • What are some of the strengths and weaknesses in those arguments? • What are your thoughts towards a hyphenated identity?

4. Contending Nationalist Loyalties • Canada is a _______________ • The purpose of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which forms part of the Canadian Constitution, was to ___________ the fundamental rights and freedoms valued by Canadians • For people to feel loyal to Canada, they must ___________________ in Canada for ________________

5. Language Loyalties • 1963 - Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (B & B Commission) • charged to investigate and report the existing state within Canada and recommend steps that should be taken • active role of government in language politics • frame government and language politics in terms of equality and a common community • both languages to be promoted across Canada

6. Official Languages Act 1969 • declared both French and English to be official languages • all federal institutions were required to offer their services in either French or English • broadened over the years - Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages

7. Bill 101 (1977) - Charter of the French Language • is resolved therefore to make of Friends of the Language of Government and the Law; as well as the normal and everyday language of work, instruction, communication, commerce and business • Is a French-speaking society in Quebec an act of loyalty?

8. Bilingualism in Public Education (1970) • second language instruction • French Immersion • Bilingual Consumer Packaging (1974) • bilingual labeling on most consumer packaging

9. Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982) • Section 16 - Two Official Languages • Section 17-22 - particular language rights in government institutions • Section 23 - provincial governments offer education to Canadians in the official language of their choice

10. Rise of the ADQ • 2007 - hinted at a new direction for Quebec nationalism • 31% of popular vote - called for Quebec’s autonomy within Canada and a new name “The Autonomist State of Quebec” • own constitution, own citizenship, override those federal laws seen as contrary to provincial interest

13. Loyalties of Aboriginal Canadians • ____________________ • a set of amendments to the Constitution of Canada designed to persuade Quebec to endorse the Constitution • MLA Elijah Harper rose a _________ _________ and voted against the motion that derailed the amendments

14. Meech Lake • 1987 • recognition of a ‘________________’ within Canada • 3 years to pass resolution - MB and NFLD failed to ratify the resolution • shaped a sense of isolation and desire to seek their own nation

15. video • a short clip on PM Trudeau’s concept of special status for Quebec

16. CTV Movie on Elijah Harper http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20080522/wpg_elijah_080522?hub=WinnipegHome

17. ______________ were not being recognized and the idea that Canada was made up of _______ founding nations and languages • _____________________: a principle whereby a nation is _______ to decide its own _____________ allegiance or form of government

18. Inuit Perspectives • ________ - began to move to permanent towns • better access to health care, education, and other services • slowly became part of the _______________ economy and changed their lifestyles

19. Non-Nationalist Loyalties • Religious • __________ • Conscientious Objection • Military • _________

20. Global Loyalties • ____________________ • global community • ____________________ • ____________________

21. Afghanistan • What can you tell me about the country? • Where does your experience come from? • I am guessing that most of our information is based primarily from media

22. Timeline • 1919-21 - The British are defeated in the Third British-Afghan War • Afghanistan becomes an independent nation • 1947 - Britain withdraws from India - Hindu but secular state of India and the Islamic state of Pakistan • large uncontrolled border • 1953 - Gen. Khan looks to Soviets for economic and military assistance • 1956 - Khrushchev agrees to help Afghanistan

23. 1973 - Khan’s stages a military coup • the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan • 1978 - Communist Coup • Taraki kills Gen. Khan + proclaim independence from Soviet influence • conservative Islamic leaders revolt - guerilla movement is established • Mujahadeen • 1979 - rallied against Soviet troops

24. 1986 - Mujahadeen are receiving arms from the United States, Britain, and China via Pakistan • 1989 - peace accords in Geneva • warlords are emerging as Islamic leaders begin to divide up the country • 1995 - Taliban emerge on promises of peace • uphold traditional Islamic values • The United States refuses to recognize the authority of the Taliban • 1998 - al Qaida’s bombing of two American embassies in Africa, President Clinton orders attacks against bin Laden’s training camps in Afghanistan

25. 2000 - UN sanctions restricting trade and economic development • 2001 - trade center attacks • Oct. 7 - US and British troops launch air strikes against targets in Afghanistan • proclaim they are ready for jihad • Dec. 22 - Hamid Karzai - is sworn as interim president - supported by the US • 2003 - NATO takes over security in Kabul • 2005 - first parliamentary election in 30 years • 2006 - NATO expands operations - met with suicide attacks and international troops

26. 2006 - Afghanistan Compact • provides the framework for international community initiatives in Afghanistan (2006-2011) • Canada may contribute military assistance or non-military aid

27. Roles of Canadian Forces • provide security to promote development and an environment that is conducive to the improvement of Afghan life • operations in support of Afghan National Security Forces • strengthen Afghan Governance capacity • extend the authority of Government of Afghanistan • facilitate the delivery of programs and projects that support the economic recovery and rehabilitation of Afghanistan • assist in addressing humanitarian needs of Afghans by supporting Canadian governmental and non-governmental organizations

28. Canadian Development Role in Afghanistan • Political - to create a stable and democratic society • Social - to provide fundamental services to its citizens (water, health care, education) • Economic - self sufficient to provide for its citizens rather than economically dependent

30. Specific Development Programs • Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund • daily operations • national microcredit program • National Solidarity program • Kandahar Provincial Reconstruction Team • 330 member PRT • Justice/court systems • judges, prosecutors, etc. • Police Services • mentoring, training • Correction Services • professionalize prisons • Healthcare • Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration • reintegration into civilian life

31. Canada’s Continuing Role • withdrawal of troops unless NATO adds soldiers • “NATO’s reputation is on the line here... all the increasing evidence suggests that NATO’s efforts in Afghanistan as a whole are not adequate” Harper said, according to news agencies. www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/north_america/jan-june08/canadatroops_0128.html

32. video • Afghan MP clip

34. Explore the Issues • Should the Canadian government consider first the needs of its citizens or the responsibility we have to all people? • How should we choose which nations to support?