Immigration and Urbanization

1. Immigration and Urbanization Chapter 7 US 2 - Peterson

4. What’s Your Story?

5. Immigration Old (pre 1890) New • North/West Europe • WASP • White Anglo-Saxon Protestant • Typicaly affluent • Some Germans/Irish assimilated • Dry • Dominated rural US • South/East Europe (+Irish) • Diverse Group • Catholics, Orthodox, Jewish • Usually Poor • Chinese/Japanese on west cost • Wet • Urban settlement

6. Why Go to America? • Push factors • Famine (Irish) • Lack of Land • Escape Persecution (Rel./Pol.) • Jews - Pogroms • Pull Factors • Economic Opportunity (industrial revolution) • “Birds of Passage” – Migrant work/send money home

7. European • 20 Million between 1870-1920 • Euro population reached 400M • Doubled from 1800-1900

8. Chinese and Japanese • Chinese • Gold Rush • RR work • Smaller numbers (300K from 1850-1883) • Japanese • Hawaiian Planters (US territory 1898) • Relative High Wages

9. Mexican/Islander • Islander • 260K • Cuba, Jamaica, PR • Come for Jobs • Mexican • As much as 7% of the population leaves for America • New Irrigation techniques in west • More farm land/demand for labor

10. Difficult Journey • Steamship • Euro 1 week, Asian 3 weeks • Usually in Steerage • Reach point of Entry

11. Ellis Island Virtual Tour

12. Angel Island Asian Point of Entry Harsh questioning Unsanitary conditions

13. Surviving in America • Homogeneous neighborhoods • Social Clubs, orphanages, churches

14. ? • American….Melting Pot? • or Salad Bowl?

15. Immigration Restrictions • Old stock pride themselves on “Melting Pot” • Large Numbers of Immigrants leads to increase in NATIVISM

17. Nativism Ok with immigration from the “right countries” – WASP Ethnic/Religious prejudices KKK #’s will grow, American Protective Association, Immigration Restriction League

18. Nativism also strong in labor movement

19. Anti-Asian Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 Banned entry to all Chinese Except students, teachers, merchants tourist and government officials

22. Gentleman's Agreement 1907-8 • San Fran School board segregates Japanese students • Teddy Roosevelt makes deal…end segregation if Japan limits immigration of unskilled labor

23. Section 2 Urbanization

24. Growth is focused in NE and Mid West • “Hit and Stick” Immigration • Examples • NYC has twice the Irish as Dublin • More Italians than Rome • Americanization Movement • Efforts to assimilate large numbers of immigrants • Gov & Volunteer organizations

25. Domestic Migration • Cities also grow as machinery decreases the demand for laborers on farms • Africans Americans leave south

26. Urban Issues Housing – cramped tenements

27. Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lived

28. More Issues… • Transportation • Water • no safe access • Cholera/Typhoid • Sanitation • Horse Manure/Sewage • Garbage • Crime – Limited police forces • Fire – No water/cramped conditions

30. Reform Efforts Social Gospel – salvation through service to the poor Settlement Houses – community centers located in slums…provide services to poor (mostly immigrant) Jane Addams – Chicago’s Hull House Overall…provide support, health care, education…etc

31. Gilded Age Politics Section 3

32. The Political Machine • Organized group that controls the politics of a city – Party, Votes, Courts, Police • Bosses controlled • Access to Jobs • Support for Business • Some used for good… • Naturalization, housing, support • Expect loyalty in return

33. Graft/Fraud of Machines Election Fraud - “Vote Early and Often” Graft – taking advantage of a position for personal gain Kickbacks Bribes

36. Tweed will flee to Spain. Is eventually arrested after recognized from Thomas Nast cartoon

37. National Corruption • Patronage – giving government jobs to political supporters AKA Spoils System • Unqualified, corrupt • Reformers want a merit based hiring system for civil service jobs • Civil Service – Government jobs

38. Presidents Grant -1868 Hayes – 1876 Garfield – 1880 (assassinated) Arthur – 1881 Cleveland – 1884 (Dem) Harrison – 1888 Cleveland – Again 1892 McKinley - 1896

39. Rutherford Hayes • Corrupt deal w/South • Didn’t win popular vote • Tried to clean up process but no Congressional Support • Looks into Customhouses • Fired Machines Appointments • Republicans Split

41. Election of 1880 • Hayes done • Republicans split on reform • Stalwarts • Anti-Reform…keep it as is • Halfbreeds – Reformers • Anti-patronage • Republicans end up nominating • Garfield - Pres, reformer ties • Arthur – VP – strong stalwart ties

42. Garfield/Arthur win 1880 • July 2, 1881 – Charles Guiteau assassinated Garfield • “I did it, I will go to jail for it, I am a Stalwart and Arthur is now president”

43. Chester A Arthur • Arthur now becomes reformer • Urges congress to pass Pendleton Civil Service Act • Job placements based on applicants examination • Tenure

44. 1884 – Grover Cleveland • First Democrat in 28 years • Wants to lower Tariff • Congress doesn’t support

45. Business Buys Influence Spoils system is over…now political power come from few major players instead of the masses of supporters Big Business wants a high protective Tariff

46. Tariff Battle • Free Traders • No Tariff • Farmers • People feel treasury has too much $$ • Protectionist • High Tariff • Big Business • Protect American manufacturing

47. Ben Harrison - 1888 Harrison – 1890 will increase tariffs

48. Cleveland Again - 1892 Only president to serve two non-consecutive terms Tariff bill passes without his signature McKinley (1896) will increase Tariff