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Immigration and Urbanization

Immigration and Urbanization. Coming to America. America’s move to town Mushrooming cities lured workers by the millions from the countryside and overseas Explosive urban growth New cities Birmingham, Los Angeles, Denver, Seattle, Omaha Vertical Explosion Steel I-beam framed buildings

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Immigration and Urbanization

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  1. Immigration and Urbanization Coming to America

  2. America’s move to town Mushrooming cities lured workers by the millions from the countryside and overseas Explosive urban growth New cities Birmingham, Los Angeles, Denver, Seattle, Omaha Vertical Explosion Steel I-beam framed buildings Louis Sullivan and Daniel Burnham’s skyscrapers Urbanization Daniel Burnham The Flatiron Building http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/PTGPOD/423533~First-Skyscraper-Flatiron-Building-New-York-Posters.jpg http://cinemaguild.com/mm5/graphics/00000002/tall_miva.jpg Louis Sullivan

  3. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900 http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  4. City Politics • Cities used the ward system. Neighborhoods organized into political machines. • Need for services: transit, paving, water, sewers, garbage, lighting, police • These services often handled through political bosses in return for favors and graft http://dase.laits.utexas.edu/media/american_politics_collection/viewitem/000117147_400.jpg

  5. ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS • The “Boss” (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influenced the court system • Precinct captains and ward bosses were often 1st or 2nd generation immigrants so they helped immigrants with naturalization, jobs, and housing in exchange for votes Boss Tweed ran NYC http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  6. Tammany Hall Dominated NYC politics from 1850-1930 William M. Tweed, known as Boss Tweed, became head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city Tweed was indicted on 120 counts of fraud and extortion The New York City Courthouse, used for Tweed’s graft, remained unfinished in 1872, when he was arrested, even though the projected $250,000 cost had been exceeded by $12 million. Boss Tweed http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  7. URBAN PROBLEMS • Problems in American cities in the late 19th and early 20th century included: • Housing: overcrowded tenements were unsanitary • Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  8. URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED • Transportation:Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems • Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common • Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished • Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871 http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  9. Characteristics of UrbanizationDuring the Gilded Age • Megalopolis. • Mass Transit. • Magnet for economic and social opportunities. • Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core • New frontier of opportunity for women. • Squalid living conditions for many. • Political machines. • Ethnic neighborhoods. http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  10. Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi) http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  11. “Dumbell “ Tenement, NYC http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  12. “Dumbell “ Tenement http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  13. Tenement Slum Living http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  14. Urban Population Growth • In the peak decade of immigration, 1900-1910: • 40% of urban newcomers were from Europe • 30% were rural migrants to cities • 22% were newborns • 8% were annexed local communities

  15. Before 1880 immigrants tended to come from northern and western Europe. Great Britain, Ireland, and Germany After 1880 the proportion of Latin, Slavic, and Jewish peoples from sharply, becoming a majority of immigration by 1890. Italians, Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Russians, Greeks, and Romanians New Immigration

  16. The search for cheap labor, combined with repressive policies in eastern Europe prompted this trend. Politics generally not familiar with democracy and political rights (Absolute Monarchies) Religion generally not protestant. (Catholicism, Judaism, and Eastern Orthodoxy) Language  not only often not English speaking, but bringing a new group of languages to the nation (Greek, Russian, Yiddish, Mandarin, etc.) New Immigration http://www.upp.gov.cn/upp_web/upp_en/c_en/image/20.jpg

  17. LIFE IN THE NEW LAND • In the late 19th century most immigrants arrived via boats • The trip from Europe took about a month, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia • The trip was arduous and many died along the way • Destination was Ellis Island for Europeans, and Angel Island for Asians http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  18. ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK • Ellis Island was the arrival point for European immigrants in Steerage • They had to pass inspection at the immigration stations • Processing took hours, and the sick were sent home • Immigrants also had to show that they were not criminals, had some money ($25), and were able to work • From 1892-1954, at least 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island’s facilities http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  19. 1907 --Peak In a single day, 11,747 immigrants pass through Ellis Island. 1 million that year 1924 The tide of immigrants through Ellis Island begins to slow down. Immigration Wave http://www.weber.k12.ut.us/lists/files/Immigration.ppt

  20. ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  21. Notable Ellis Island Entrants http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/nd/sports/m-footbl/auto_action/a-rockne042104.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=24619&rendTypeId=4 Felix Frankfurter--Austria Knute Rockne--Norway http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/irving_berlin_hi.jpg http://www.musicals101.com/News/jolsonoval.jpg http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/bob_hope_vietnam.jpg Irving Berlin--Russia Bob Hope--England Al Jolson--Lithuania

  22. A Dissenting View • An Italian immigrant in 1903: "I came to America because I had heard the streets were paved with gold, and I found three things. One: The streets were not paved with gold. Two: The streets were not paved at all. Three: I was expected to pave them." "A Nation of Strangers" by Vicki Goldbert and Arthur Ollman. http://www.pacificspirit.org/news/uploaded_images/Streets-paved-with-gold-734414.jpg

  23. ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO • Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast gained admission at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay • Processing was much harsher than Ellis Island as immigrants withstood tough questioning and long detentions in filthy conditions http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  24. ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  25. Other Groups of Immigrants • Millions of immigrants entered the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries • Some came to escape difficult conditions, others known as “birds of passage” intended to stay only temporarily to earn money, and then return to their homeland http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  26. CHINESE • Between 1851 and 1882, about 300,000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast • Some were attracted by the Gold Rush, others went to work for the railroads, farmed or worked as domestic servants • The Chinese Exclusion Act by Congress curtailed immigration after 1882 Many Chinese men worked for the railroads http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  27. JAPANESE • In 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers • The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast • By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the west coast http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  28. THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO • Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States form the West Indies • They came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands • Mexicans, too, immigrated to the U.S. to find work and flee political turmoil – 700,000 Mexicans arrived in the early 20th century http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  29. The New Immigrant Experience • Many were greeted by family and friends who had paved their way for immigration • Others were met by rep.’s of immigrations societies • Others were met by hiring agents offering jobs in mills mines and sweatshops • Ever heard the phrase “fresh off the boat” • They were subject to exploitation and did not know the language and customs in many cases • In exchange for providing a job, many of these agents to a portion of immigrant paychecks • Among Italians and Greeks these agents were known as patrones. • Other agents provided tickets to their cities such as Buffalo, Chicago and St. Louis.

  30. Where did they go? • Immigrants often developed pipelines into certain industries. • Poles, Hungarians, Czechs and Italians often went to coal mines • Slovaks and Poles often went to steel factories • Greeks and Jews often went the textile mills and the garment industry

  31. Urban Immigration • The majority of immigrants ended in in the teeming cities • They lived in ethnic enclaves. • These were transitional communities and they were the previous style boundary lines for cities (today income is the main divider) • As immigrants moved into these neighborhoods, WASPs moved out • With them often responsive gov’t left and housing quickly becaming over-crowded and substandard

  32. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy” http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  33. Hester Street – Jewish Section http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  34. Chinatown, NYC http://www.psja.k12.tx.us/~psjahsSS/powerpoints_us/Late19cUrbanization.ppt

  35. FRICTION DEVELOPS • While some immigrants tried to assimilate into American culture, others kept to themselves and created ethnic communities • Committed to their own culture, but also trying hard to become Americans, many came to think of themselves as Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etc • Some native born Americans disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages – friction soon developed Chinatowns are found in many major cities http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  36. IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS • As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives • Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration • In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act which limited Chinese immigration until 1943 Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  37. Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast & Midwest • Most immigrants settled incities because of the available jobs & affordable housing • By 1910, immigrants made up more than half the population of 18 major American cities http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  38. MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY • Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century • It also meant less labor was needed to do the job • Many rural people left for cities to find work- including almost ¼ million African Americans Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  39. http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppthttp://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  40. PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  41. REFORMERS MOBILIZE Jacob Riis was a reformer who through his pictures hoped for change– he influenced many The Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor Some reformers established Settlement Homes These homes provided a place to stay, classes, health care and other social services Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement (founded Hull House in Chicago) Jane Addams and Hull House http://webzoom.freewebs.com/centralhistory/A%20C%207%20US%20CHAPTER%207.ppt

  42. CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE • Nationally, some politicians pushed for reform in the hiring system • The system had been based on Patronage; giving jobs and favors to those who helped a candidate get elected • Reformers pushed for an adoption of a merit system of hiring the most qualified for jobs • The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan commission to make appointments for federal jobs based on performance Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam

  43. http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpoints/history/Immigrants%20in%20America.ppthttp://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpoints/history/Immigrants%20in%20America.ppt

  44. http://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpoints/history/Immigrants%20in%20America.ppthttp://www.worldofteaching.com/powerpoints/history/Immigrants%20in%20America.ppt

  45. Immigration to the United States, 1870-1900 http://www.thomasloveshistory.com/Chp%2015%20%20Immigration.ppt

  46. http://www.thomasloveshistory.com/Chp%2015%20%20Immigration.ppthttp://www.thomasloveshistory.com/Chp%2015%20%20Immigration.ppt

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