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CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 10 . ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM. WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENT?. INCLUDES: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: Features such as air, water, flora, fauna, soil, natural landscape, geological features BUILT ENVIRONMENT:

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CHAPTER 10

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  1. CHAPTER 10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM

  2. WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENT? • INCLUDES: • NATURAL ENVIRONMENT: • Features such as air, water, flora, fauna, soil, natural landscape, geological features • BUILT ENVIRONMENT: • Urban fabric and structure, buildings, monuments, infrastructure, human-made parks and open spaces

  3. WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENT? • All of the external factors, conditions and influences which affect an organism or a community • The surroundings within which humansexist and that are made up of: • Land, water and atmosphere of the earth • Micro-organisms, plant and animal life • Interrelationship between them • Physical, chemical, aesthetic and cultural properties and conditions of the foregoing that influence human health and well-being

  4. Environmental quality and destination competitiveness • Features of the environment are often the main reasons why people are attracted to an area • Tourism is almost totally dependent on the environment • Natural resources such as beaches, forests, etc. form the basis of tourism • Human made resources include buildings, cities, monuments • Cultural resources include art forms, rituals, lifestyles

  5. Environmental quality and destination competitiveness • Ritchie and Crouch found that: • Geography and climate is nr 1 most important attribute • Culture and history is nr 2 • STUDENT ACTIVITY: • Read the case study on the Alps and Venice in your textbook on page 347 to explain the effect of global warming on these destinations

  6. HOW DOES THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT SUPPORT TOURISM? • Role of attractor – attracts tourists to the region • Natural resources such as water, wood, coal and soil, are used to provide tourists with heat, energy, drinking water and sanitation facilities. • Fruit and vegetables are planted, and animals kept to supply tourist facilities with food for tourists. • The natural environment (soil, air, water) also acts as a sponge for the waste produced by tourists and tourist facilities, including refuse, sewage and other effluent.

  7. TOURIST PREFERENCES FOR QUALITY ENVIRONMENT • Markets across the world are increasingly alarmed at environmental degradation and exploitation of people • This heightened awareness of the earth’s crisis is spilling over into the way people behave in their homes, how they spend their money and the way businesses are run • Driven by changing personal ethics, individuals contribute financially or otherwise to environmental and humanitarian initiatives. They are also changing their buying patterns.

  8. Ethical or responsible consumption • There is a major upswing in ethical consumption in UK and European markets. This trend is also evident in tourism: ETHICAL CONSUMPTION: Buying of products and services that are produced ethically. Generally, this means without harm to or exploitation of humans, animals or the natural environment

  9. FUNCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN TOURISM • ENVIRONMENT AS A SETTING • Physical environment of a convention centre • ENVIRONMENT AS A PLEASANT BACKDROP • Exert a general effect on the activity, e.g. dining in a beautiful setting • ENVIRONMENT AS THE FOCUS • E.g. hiking, viewing wildlife

  10. TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE • The fact that many of a destination’s resources are PUBLIC GOODS is an important contributing factor: • PUBLIC GOODS: • A product of which anyone can consume as much as desired without reducing the amount available to others. • Public gardens, beaches, air and scenic beauty • PRIVATE GOODS: • Which is any product for which consumption by one person reduces the amount available for others, at least until more is produced, e.g. hotel beds, airline seats and festival tickets

  11. TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE • Free access and unrestricted demand for a public good can ultimately doom the resource through over exploitation • Each user is motivated to maximise use of the resource, while the costs of the exploitation is not carried directly by anyone to whom the resource is available. • Many tourism businesses treat the environment as public goods. Because operators and tourists often have open and free access to environmental resources, problems such as over-exploitation of the natural resource base and negative impacts occur • Tourism Paradox: Tourism cannot exist without the environment, yet tourism has the potential to destroy its own foundation

  12. Impact of tourism on environmental resources • Relationship of tourism with the environment is either one of conflict or of symbiosis: SYMBIOSIS: Mutually supportive relationship. Benefits each other. Environmental features are protected as assets of tourism, tourism funds protection of environment CONFLICT: Tourism induces detrimental effects on the environment, degrading its resource base and ultimately, destroying itself

  13. Tourism and the environment in conflict • When do negative impacts occur? • List some of the impacts that can occur as a result of the enormous pressure from tourism on an area • The relationship between tourism and the environment can be one of conflict when tourism: • Contributes to or results in the depletion of environmental resources • Pollutes the water, air and soil through waste products or through visual and noise impacts • Causes physical damage to environmental resources • Leads to a loss of biodiversity

  14. TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN CONFLICT • The relationship between tourism and the environment can be one of conflict when tourism: • Contributes to or results in the depletion of environmental resources • Pollutes the water, air and soil through waste products or through visual and noise impacts • Causes physical damage to environmental resources • Leads to a loss of biodiversity

  15. TOURISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN CONFLICT • RESOURCE DEPLETION OR DESTRUCTION • WATER RESOURCES • LOCAL RESOURCES • POLLUTION • AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE • NOISE POLLUTION • SOLID WASTE AND LITTERING • WATER POLLUTION • AESTHETIC POLLUTION • PHYSICAL IMPACTS • CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • TOURIST ACTIVITIES • LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

  16. RESOURCE DEPLETION/DESTRUCTION • Not only change in appearance of the environment, but also damage to ecosystems and habitats • Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce, leading to resource depletion • WATER RESOURCES • LOCAL RESOURCES

  17. WATER RESOURCES • Fresh water is a scarce natural resource • Tourism industry generally requires large volumes of water for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists • This can result in water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a greater volume of waste water • In dryer regions, tourism is a major contributor to the degredation and destruction of water ecosystems and groundwater levels sinking. • Negative impact on communities as drinking water and water for irrigation is becoming saltier and requires treatment or the total abandonment of the resource

  18. LOCAL RESOURCES • Tourism can create pressure on local resources such as energy, food and other raw materials that may already be in short supply • Can lead to congestion and overcrowding • High demand placed on resources to meet the high expectations of tourists like proper heating and hot water

  19. pollution Pollution is any change in the environment which has an adverse affect on human health or well-being or on the composition, resilience and productivity of natural or managed ecosystems, or on the materials useful to people or will have such an effect in the future • AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE • NOISE POLLUTION • SOLID WASTE AND LITTERING • WATER POLLUTION

  20. pollution • Pollution can take place at the destination, at the origin and while tourists are travelling, e.g. aircraft, ferries, waste etc. • Pollution can cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems, damage to structures and interfere with the legitimate use of the environment • The four main types of pollution are: • Air pollution • Noise pollution • Water pollution • Aesthetic pollution

  21. AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE • Transport is a major source of air pollution • Transport emissions and emissions from energy consumption are linked to: • Acid rain • Global warming • Photochemical pollution • It is estimated that aviation’s total contribution to manmade climate change is about 3.5%

  22. AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE • IMPACT INDICATORS: • Consumption of fossil fuels by the tourism sector • Percentage of energy consumption from renewable resources by tourism sector • Total consumption of fossil fuels in the destination for tourist transportation • Level of air and ground emissions for tourist transport

  23. NOISE POLLUTION • Tourism transport can also be a major source of noise pollution, especially noise that aircraft make during take-off and landing. • IMPACT INDICATORS: • Noise generated by tourism operations • Disturbance of animal habitats as indicated by changes in behavioural patterns

  24. SOLID WASTE AND LITTERING • It is becoming a challenge in many destinations as the amount of waste increases, and the cost of dealing with this waste in a sustainable manner rises • Many tourist facilities generate large volumes of solid waste, which can result in negative ecological, disease and aesthetic impacts • Improper solid waste disposal can directly impact the quality of ground water resources • Contamination can spread far beyond the immediate area • STUDENT ACTIVITY: • FIND EXAMPLES OF HOW TOURISM WASTE AFFECTS THE ENVIRONMENT

  25. WATER POLLUTION • Migration of solid waste from disposal sites contaminate water resources such as rivers, streams, ponds and wetlands • This contaminated water cannot be used for drinking or any other domestic uses • Tourism development often outstrips provision of treatment facilities • Municipalities may not have funding to build sewage facilities to accommodate excess demand • The use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers in resort and golf course landscaping are also major causes of pollution

  26. WATER POLLUTION • This pollution has major consequences for local marine organisms, health of tourists and locals • Inadequately treated sewage can introduce excess nutrients into water areas, which can lead to eutrophication, causing abnormal plant and algea growth. • Leads to bad smells, bad tastes and unsightly green scums of algae. • IMPACT INDICATORS: • Number of reported pollution or contamination events attributable to tourism facilities/operations

  27. AESTHETIC POLLUTION • When tourism fails to integrate its structures with the natural features and indigenous architecture of the destination • Large resorts and designs can look out of place • Lack of land-use planning leads to sprawling developments along coastlines, valleys and scenic routes • IMPACT INDICATORS: • Ridgeline or coastline continuity • Percentage built on slope • Number of tourism building exceeding average building height • Percentage of tourism facilities not matching vernacular style or natural environment • Number of tourism buildings exceeding height of natural vegetation

  28. PHYSICAL IMPACTS • Attractive landscapes such as beaches, lakes are also important eco-systems • Ecologically fragile areas such as alpine regions, rain forests etc. are often most threatened with degradation • Pressure and threats to these ecosystems stem from construction activity and tourist activity

  29. PHYSICAL IMPACTS • CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT • Negative impacts include: • Facilities can cause sand dune erosion, soil erosion and extensive paving • Roads and airports can lead to land degradation and loss of habitats • Clearing of forested land • Coastal wetlands are often drained and filled to use as new sites • Development of marinas, breakwaters and tidal pools can cause changes in currents and coastlines • Extraction of building materials like sand affects coral reefs and destruction of habitats • Overbuilding and extensive paving on shorelines can cause destruction of land-sea connections

  30. Physical impacts • TOURIST ACTIVITIES: • Although the conciousness of tourists is changing to be more ecologically sensitive, tourists are not particularly considerate towards local environments • They do not alter their behaviour to protect the environment **Find 2 examples in your textbook on how tourist activities cause destruction to the environment

  31. PHYSICAL IMPACTS • IMPACT INDICATORS • Total tourist numbers • Number of tourists per square area • Density counts for vehicles • Perception of crowding by tourists • Perception of environmental deterioration by tourists

  32. LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY • Biodiversity is the term given to the VARIETY OF LIFE ON EARTH • UNDERSTOOD AS number of different species of plants, animals and micro-organisms in existence • If tourism is not carefully managed, tourism could exacerbate the already rapid decline of biodiversity. • Leads to loss of tourism potential • Tourism should be developed in harmony with biodiversity conservation • ** What are Hotspots???

  33. Tourism and the environment in symbiosis • Symbiosis in this context means a relationship where both parties benefit • Tourism can work towards the restoration, conservation and protection of environments • In a symbiotic relationship, the protection of prime tourist resources enhances and perpetuates tourism by maintaining its very foundation.

  34. Tourism and the environment in symbiosis • Tourism and the environment are in harmonious or symbiotic relationship when tourism: • Contributes to the conservation of natural resources • Leads to the restoration of historical and cultural resources for their original use • Contributes to the refurbishment of buildings and places to accommodate new, tourism-related uses. • REGENERATION • TRANFORMATION • CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

  35. REGENARATION • Restoration and renovation of historical buildings, districts and even towns • Regeneration implies the restoration of a building to its former condition, without changing the use of the building • Also refers to the conservation of historical sites and museums • The primary aim of conservation efforts is not the utilisation of the site as a tourist attraction, but rather the preservation of the site based on its cultural significance. • Can include the responsibility of providing access for educational and tourism purposes • Exposing tourists to the magnificence of the sites may generate funding for conservation

  36. TRANSFORMATION • Transformation still involves the restoration and renovation of buildings and sites, their original uses are not necessarily maintained • The buildings are refurbished to accommodate new, tourism-related uses. • A second form of transformation is the restoration of degraded sites. • IMPACT INDICATOR: • Tourism contribution to transformation of cultural assets

  37. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES • In many instances, tourism and its income-generating potential provides the motivation for the conservation of natural and cultural resources. • Tourism as a non-consumptive activity is encouraged over environmentally destructive activities • Destination managers must have the ability to prevent or reduce negative impacts by devising and applying appropriate strategies for impact management FIND THE DEFINITION FOR CONSERVATION

  38. Limitations to consider when studying environmental impacts • Tourism is an amalgam of interlinked activities, it is difficult to distinguish impacts arising from the individual activities • Tourism activities may be pursued by both tourists and by the host population and happen with other activities, presenting a problem in isolating the impacts from tourism alone • Environmental change occurs naturally, making tourism-induced change more difficult to quantify

  39. Limitations to consider when studying environmental impacts • A lack of knowledge of environmental conditions before the introduction of tourism, limits the accuracy of post-development investigations • Tourism may have indirect impacts which may be difficult to assess • Some tourism impacts will only manifest themselves over the long term • Components of the environment are interlinked, so tourism activity which impacts on one aspect of the environment may produce an indirect impact on another

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