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Chapter 11

Chapter 11. Sport Programs and Professions. Evidence that Sport is a Central Theme for Our Culture. 98% of Americans participate in some aspect of sport 70% of Americans are sport fans Greater than 80% watch sports every week Participation in youth and adult sport has increased

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Chapter 11

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  1. Chapter 11 Sport Programs and Professions

  2. Evidence that Sport is a Central Theme for Our Culture • 98% of Americans participate in some aspect of sport • 70% of Americans are sport fans • Greater than 80% watch sports every week • Participation in youth and adult sport has increased • Women’s sports are highly visible and economically stronger

  3. Types of Sports Participation • Recreational participant • Amateur athlete • Nonprofessional athlete • Professional athlete

  4. Child and Youth Sport • 52 to 60 million youths participate in organized sport • 65% of youth participate in organized sport • Children participate at younger ages • Youth participation can be categorized as school or non-school participation

  5. Interscholastic Sport • Regulated at the state level • Most states determine a school’s classification depending upon enrollment • Funded by tax revenues via school budgets • Standards for coaches vary from state to state • Women coaches have declined over the years

  6. According to National Federation of State High School Associations, in 2011-2012, total of 7,692,520 boys and girls participating on interscholastic teams: 4,484,987 boys and 3,207,533 girls. • In 1971-72 there was a total of 3,960,932: 3,666,917 boys and 294,015 girls.

  7. Popular Interschool SportsFemales • Basketball (457,986 participants at 17,061 schools) • Track and Field (418,322 participants at 15,089 schools) • Volleyball (396,322 participants at 14,181 schools)

  8. Popular Interschool SportsMales • Basketball (544,811 participants at 17,389 schools) • Track and Field (504,801 at 15,221 schools) • Baseball (457,146 at 14,984 schools) • Football has the most participants at 1,032,682 but football is only sponsored at 13,680 schools

  9. Intercollegiate Sport • This has become more important economically besides providing entertainment value • Two organizations dominate governance – NCAA and NAIA • Junior Colleges are organized by the NJCAA • Many people work professionally within this concept

  10. NCAA Membership • 1,028 members in Three Divisions • 361.175 total participation • 150,186 female participants • 210,989 male participants

  11. College Intramural Programs • Consists of recreational and club programs • Provides for students, faculty, staff and family participation • Summer camps create lucrative businesses • Fees are low due to funding through the college, student fee, etc.

  12. Professional Sport • Main purpose: make money • 1 out of 42,000 make it into professional sports • Average career is less than 10 years for a professional athlete • Organized through various parent organizations, i.e., NBA, NFL, etc. • No formal qualifications for entrance into professional sports

  13. Approximately 3,000 professional athletes in baseball, basketball, and football. There are about 110 million males in the country=1 out of every 42,000 makes it to the professional level.

  14. Transition from High School to College • 4% H.S. football seniors play in college • 2.53% H.S. basketball seniors play in college

  15. Trying to Beat the Odds (basketball) • 150,000 high school seniors • 3,800 make college team • 2,400 play as college seniors • 64 make a pro team • The odds against a H.S. senior BB player making a pro team are 2,344 to 1

  16. Recreational Sports • Usually organized and governed by a sponsoring agency • Range of sports are very broad • Sensitive to the needs and interests of those they serve • Promotes social and competitive outlets

  17. Areas of Sport Involvement Requiring Nonparticipation • Besides playing or coaching, there are roles created that apply to the interest of sports • Sports management and administration • Athletic training • Title IX has increased sport opportunities for women • Minorities are more visible and active participants compared to years past

  18. Sport for People with Disabilities • Before World War II, there were no opportunities for the disabled population • United States Olympic Committee has established the Committee on Sports for the Disabled (COSD) • Paralympic Games now are held following Olympic Games • Any mentally retarded person above 8 years of age can participate in the Special Olympics

  19. Legislation • Public Law 93-112(Rehabilitation Act of 1973) – equal opportunity and access, including physical education • Section 504 of the 1973 Act allows equal access to participate or observe sport events • Public Law 93-142 (Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975) – a free and appropriate public education • Public Law 95-606 (Amateur Sports Act of 1978)

  20. Len Gonzales is deaf. But more important, he’s head football coach at the California School for the Deaf at Riverside (CSDR). When his team capped its 9-1 season by winning the 2004 championship of the San Joaquin High School League, a reporter asked Gonzales what other teams thought when they lost to CSDR. Gonzales explained that “teams hate to lose to us because they think we’re a handicapped team. But we’re not handicapped. We just can’t hear. Coach Gonzales is sensitive to the barriers created when people use the word handicapped to refer to physical and mental impairments and disabilities..

  21. Terminology • Impairment exists when a person has a physical, sensory, or intellectual condition that potentially limits full participation in social and/or physical environments. • Disability an impairment becomes a disability only when accommodations in social or physical contexts are not or cannot be made to allow the full participation of people with functional limitations.

  22. Handicapped when others define them as inferior and “unable” due to perceived disabilities.

  23. Double amputee Marine sees life without legs as just another obstacle to overcome http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4ljCEvgymQ&feature=related

  24. Athlete Without Legs Trains for 18th Marathon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqR2ffcIFXs&feature=related

  25. [Blind runners in the Paralympics have guides who keep them on track.]

  26. Title IX • 1972: Passage of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 • 1976: Full Compliance of Title IX • “No person in the United States shall on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance”

  27. Title IX Provisions • Proportional funding of athletic scholarships between the sexes • Equivalent funding for all other aspects of school programs

  28. Title IX WebSite • http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html

  29. Participation Rates(H.S.) Total boys and girls (2003-04) 6,903,552 Boys average since 1971 has been 3,666,917 Girls (2003-04) 2,856,358 but in 1971 only 294,915

  30. Participation Rates (college) • Female 150,186 • Male 210,989 • In 1966 only 16,000 females participated in college sports

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