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Chapter 27: World War I

Chapter 27: World War I. World War I Begins. Causes of World War I. Nationalism Idea that your country’s interest supersede all other countries Desire by certain ethnic groups to want to create their own nations Ex: Balkans

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Chapter 27: World War I

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  1. Chapter 27: World War I World War I Begins

  2. Causes of World War I • Nationalism • Idea that your country’s interest supersede all other countries • Desire by certain ethnic groups to want to create their own nations • Ex: Balkans • Slavic people wanted their own homeland (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia) • Desired to become independent nations • Ireland wanted independence from Great Britain • Poland wanted to break away from Russia

  3. Causes of World War I • Imperialism • Competition for land abroad • Created rivalries between European countries • Tensions grew as countries expanded in Africa and Asia • Countries saw territories as an extension of military power

  4. Causes of World War I • Militarism • Aggressive preparation of war • Conscription • Establishment of a military draft • Normal practice in early 1900’s • Russia: 1.3 million soldiers • France: 900,000 soldiers • Germany: 900,000 soldiers • Enormous supply of weapons • Military leaders began creating numerous military plans

  5. Causes of World War I • Alliances • Triple Entente (1907) • France, Great Britain, and Russia • Triple Alliance (1882) • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • Secret Alliances • Would cause numerous countries to be involved in war • War is a technique to preserve power

  6. The Outbreak of War • Sarajevo, Bosnia • 1914 • Archduke Francis Ferdinand visits city • Bosnia going through period of nationalism • The Black Hand • Terrorist group wanting Bosnian independence • GavriloPrincip • Shoots the Archduke and his wife

  7. The Outbreak of War • Response to Assassination • Austria-Hungary • Responded as though all of Bosnia agreed with the Black Hand • Biggest fear was Russia • Russia • Created alliance with the Slavic people • Backed most actions in the Balkans • Russia would intervene on behalf of Serbia • Germany • Promised complete backing of Austria-Hungary in war

  8. Outbreak of War • Schlieffen Plan • Germany’s War Plan • Designed to fight a two-front war • Stage 1 would involve a rapid invasion of France • In order to invade France, Germany had to go through Belgium • Once France was defeated, it would go after Russia • Declared war on France on August 3rd • Great Britain declared war on Germany on August 4th

  9. Chapter 27: World War I World War I

  10. 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate • Propaganda • Ideas that spread influence of public opinion for or against a cause • Before 1914, war seen as impractical • Diplomacy would reign supreme • After 1914, people became more open to use of force • Illusions • Many believed the war would be short and sweet • Thought it would end in a couple weeks • War began in August, they believed they would be home by Christmas

  11. 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate • The Western Front • The First Battle of the Marne • German offensive stopped by French just short of Paris • Troops shuttled out in taxis to the front line • Trench Warfare • Troops dug massive holes and fortified them with barbed wire • Kept troops from gaining any ground • Battles would be fought over gaining a few hundred yards • No Man’s Land: Area between the two lines of trenches

  12. 1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate • The Eastern Front • Characterized by mobility of troops and no trenches • Russia: Quickly moved into Eastern Germany • Battle of Tannenburg and Battle of Masurin Lakes • Germans defeated Russians easily both times • Russia quickly became a non-factor • Lost 2.5 million soldiers in first year of war • Austria • Defeated by Russians early on and lost the territory of Serbia • Italy • Jumped ship and joined the Allies (Triple Entente)

  13. Trench Warfare • Trenches stood 5 feet high and 30 feet wide • Usually protected by barbed wire and concrete machine gun nests • Only way to defeat trench warfare was attack across No Man’s Land • Bayonets fixed to rifles were only weapons • Millions killed in attempts to cross open land to attack trenches • 700,000 French lost in 10 months

  14. Airplane Warfare • First time airplanes have been used in war • Located and aimed for ground targets • Air to air combat soon followed • Pilots would shoot handheld pistols while flying • After machine guns were placed on planes • Zeppelins • German blimps would be used to drop bombs on London • Became hazardous when Allies realized blimps were filled with flammable gas

  15. Bombing Zeppelins

  16. A World War • More countries get involved in war • Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers • Role was to maintain control in Balkans • Forced Allies to withdraw from Constantinople when trying to invade • British Colonies • Egyptians, Australians, New Zealanders and Indians all join the fight • Lawrence of Arabia • British officer who urged all Arab princes to take up arms against the Ottomans

  17. A World War • United States enters the War • German Submarine Warfare • German U-boats were sinking merchant ships • Great Britain sets up a naval blockade • Sinking of Lusitania • British passenger liner • Torpedoed by a German U-boat • Over 1,100 killed including 127 Americans • Zimmerman Note • Germans secretly try to create treaty with Mexico • British break code • US enters war in April of 1917

  18. Sinking of Lusitania

  19. The Impact of Total War • Increased Government Powers • Governments did not plan for a long term war • Required to create price controls and wage controls • Capitalistic markets were shut down with lack of people • Regulated import and exports • Regulated transportation systems • Rationed food supplies

  20. The Impact of Total War • Manipulation of Public Opinion • As war dragged on, public opinion of war became more negative • Defence of the Realm Act • British Parliament passed law • Allowed government to arrest protestors to war as traitors • Newspapers became censored • Totalitarian governments used force to suppress those opposing the war • Propaganda used to increase support for the war

  21. The Impact of Total War • Changes in Society • Influenza outbreak kills 50 million in 1918 • Role of women • Men go off to war • Women begin working in factories • 38% of German factory workers were women • Over 700,000 women in workforce in Great Britain • However, as soon as war was over, men returned to work and women lost jobs • Suffrage • Women gain right to vote in US, Germany, and Austria • Women over 30 in Great Britain could vote

  22. Chapter 27: World War I Russian Revolution

  23. Background to the Revolution • Russo-Japanese War (1905) • Defeated by Japan • Left them unprepared to handle WWI • Czar Nicholas II • Determined to lead even though he had no experience • Russian Industry • Infrastructure unable to produce the amount of weapons needed for war • Soldiers had to share weapons because of lack of production • Grigory Rasputin • Advisor to Czar Nicholas • Influenced Nicholas’ wife who then influenced Nicholas • Assassinated in 1916 to try and save monarchy

  24. Background to Revolution • March 1917 • Female workers lead strikes against factories in Petrograd • Bread rationing caused prices to sky rocket • Revolution out of frustration from sick children and starvation • March 8, 1917 • 10,000 women march on Petrograd • March 10, 1917 • Nicholas orders troops to break up strike • Troops join strike • March 12, 1917 • Duma meets and establishes provisional government • Nicholas forced to step down on March 15

  25. Background to Revolution • Provisional Government • Decides to stay in World War I • Nobody pleased with the idea • Biggest challenge: • Dealing with the Soviets • Comprised of workers and soldiers • Largest group: Bolsheviks

  26. Lenin and the Bolsheviks • V. I. Lenin • Leader of the Bolsheviks • Believed only violent revolution could bring down capitalism • Requires a small group of revolutionaries to accomplish this • April 1917 • Returns to Russia • Gains control of the soviets and military • Promised an end to war • Redistribution of land to peasants

  27. Bolsheviks Seize Power • October 1917 • 240,000 Bolsheviks • November 6, 1917 • Bolsheviks seize control of the provisional government • Limited bloodshed • Lenin promised to give all power to Congress of Soviets • In reality he placed it in the council he controlled • Bolsheviks are renamed the Communists • March 3, 1918 • Signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Gave Germany all land outside of Russia it controlled (Balkans, Finland, Ukraine)

  28. Civil War in Russia • 1918-1921 • Communist (Red Army) vs. loyalists and anti-Lenin followers • Allied Troops supported the loyalists • Serbians and Ukrainians mounted first offensive against Red Army • Both were put down swiftly • The Royal Family • Czar Nichols and his family were eventually executed on July 16, 1918 • They were burned and buried near Yekaterinburg

  29. Triumph of the Communists • Reasons the Communists won the Civil War • A well disciplined military force led by Leon Trotsky • Lack of unity among the Anti-Communist troops • War Communism • Government controls all aspects of society and systematically regulates it • Revolutionary terror in the form of the Cheka (secret police) • Destroyed anyone opposing the regime • Patriotism to protect Russia from foreign armies invading

  30. Chapter 27: World War I World War I Ends

  31. The Last Year of the War • 1917 • Tough year for the Allies • Russia withdraws from the war due to revolution • The western front had become a total loss • United States enters war and gives much needed morale boost • Germans saw the withdrawal of Russia as a chance to end the war • Assumed one last offensive would end it all

  32. The Last Year of the War • 1918 • March • Beginning of the final offensive • April • Move to within 50 miles of taking Paris • July 18 • Second Battle of the Marne • Germans stopped by American, French, and Moroccans (140,000 troops) • Was the beginning of the end of Germany • September • 1 million American troops help drive back Germany and Gen. Ludendorff knew it was a lost cause

  33. Collapse of Germany and Armistice • November 3, 1918 • Germany Navy • Mutinied once they found out they were going to lose war • Why lose more lives in a lost cause? • November 9, 1918 • Kaiser Wilhelm II • Flees Germany due to pressure from workers and soldiers trying to take over country • November 11, 1918 • New German government signs armistice to end the war

  34. Woodrow Wilson’s “14 Points” For Peace • Despite the hero’s welcome he received in Europe, Wilson’s plan for peace would be rejected by the Allies • Wilson’s plan was called the “Fourteen points” • Included in his “points” were: • No secret treaties • Freedom of the Seas • More free trade • Reduction of arms Less colonialism • League of Nations to promote peace

  35. The Paris Peace Conference • The Big Four leaders, Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (England), and Orlando (Italy), worked out the Treaty’s details • Wilson conceded on most of his 14 points in return for the establishment of the League of Nations • On June 28, 1919, the Big Four and the leaders of the defeated nations gathered in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles and

  36. Treaty of Versailles • The Treaty established nine new nations including; • Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia • The Treaty broke up the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire empires • The Treaty barred Germany from maintaining an army, required them to give Alsace-Lorraine back to France, and forced them to pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies

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