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Animal Nutrition

Animal Nutrition. 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients. Water Energy Nutrients Proteins Minerals Vitamins. Water. Most Important Nutrient Needed in largest amounts of all nutrients 65%-85% of body weight at birth 45% to 60% of body weight at maturity 90%-95% of blood is water.

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Animal Nutrition

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  1. Animal Nutrition

  2. 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients • Water • Energy Nutrients • Proteins • Minerals • Vitamins

  3. Water • Most Important Nutrient • Needed in largest amounts of all nutrients • 65%-85% of body weight at birth • 45% to 60% of body weight at maturity • 90%-95% of blood is water

  4. Functions of Water • Transportation of other nutrients and waste products • Temperature regulation • Maintains shape of cells • Lubricates joints and organs in the body

  5. Sources of Water • Drinking Water • Water within the feed • Metabolic water

  6. 1. Drinking Water Things That Affect Drinking Water Consumption • Heat • Dry Matter Consumption • Dietary Factors • Feeds high in water reduces drinking • Feeds high in fiber, salt, and proteins increase drinking • Access to water • Location, length of water trough, competition with other animals

  7. 1. Drinking Water Things That Affect Drinking Water Consumption • Function of the animal (lactating cow vs. dry cow) • Dairy Cow 4-5 lbs of water= 1 lb of milk • Dairy Cows allowed water twice a day milk production reduced by 15%

  8. 1. Drinking Water How much water do mature, non-stressed animals need? Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day

  9. 2. Water Within The Feed • Grains can range from 8% to 30% water • Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush young grass

  10. 3. Metabolic Water • Water produced by the body during chemical reactions • 5-10% of total water intake

  11. Water Loss How is water lost from the animals body? • Urine • Feces • Sweat • Milk production

  12. Water Deficiencies What happens if animals are deprived of water? • Reduced feed consumption • Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27% • Reduces feed efficiency by 33% • Reduces weight gain by 50% • Weight Loss • Water Intoxication • 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to 50% of body weight in ½ hour • Death All of these lead to a loss of what?___________________

  13. 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients • Water • Energy Nutrients • Proteins • Minerals • Vitamins

  14. Energy Nutrients There are 3 types of energy nutrients, what are they? • Carbohydrates • Fats • Oils

  15. Energy Nutrients Where do animals get energy nutrients? • Grains • Corn, Oats, Wheat, Barley, Rye • Forages • Corn Silage, Straw, Pasture Grasses • Animal Fats • Molasses

  16. Energy Nutrients What are the functions of energy nutrients? • Provide Energy • Maintain body temperature • Muscle development • Growth • Development of fetus

  17. Energy Nutrients What happens if animals don’t get enough energy nutrients? • Slow growth • Delayed puberty • Decreased milk production • Weight Loss • Less resistance to diseases and parasites

  18. Energy Nutrients Animals need more energy nutrients when they are doing what? • Producing Milk • Energy needs double • Pregnant • Energy needed for baby • Working

  19. Energy Nutrients What is the most important energy nutrient? Carbohydrates

  20. Energy Nutrients -Carbs What are the 4 things carbohydrates are made up of? • Sugars • Starches • Cellulose • Lignin

  21. Energy Nutrients- Carbs What are the functions of carbohydrates? • Provide energy for the cells • Chemical reaction very much like burning • Provides energy for muscle movement • Heartbeat, Walking, Breathing • Produce heat to keep animal warm • Extra carbs are stored as fats

  22. Energy Nutrients- Carbs There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they? • Simple Carbs • Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s) • Consist of sugars and starches • Supply immediate energy • Come from cereal grains

  23. Energy Nutrients- Carbs There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they? 2. Complex Carbs • Known as fiber • Consist of cellulose and lignin • More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s • Fiber is found primarily and roughages such as hay and pasture plants. • Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard grass, and bluegrass.

  24. Energy Nutrients- Carbs Fiber Content • Dry weight- weight of a feed with the moisture content removed • The dry weight of most grains and roughages ranges from 65-80% CHO • Mature roughages contain more fiber when harvested than those that are less mature • The mature plant is not easily digested • Ruminants can digest large amounts of fiber

  25. Energy Nutrients Carbohydrates are the most important energy nutrient what are the other 2 energy nutrients? Fats and Oils

  26. Energy Nutrients- Fats and Oils • Contain more carbon and hydrogen than do CHO’s • Fats have 2.25 times the energy value of CHO’s • Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquid • Easily digested by animals

  27. Energy Nutrients How do we measure the amount of energy nutrients in a animal feed? Calories

  28. Energy Nutrients What is a calorie? • Unit of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade • From 14.5 to 15.5 degrees centigrade • Energy in feeds is expressed in the unit of measurement of the calorie. • Kilocalorie (1,000 cal) states the heat content of feed.

  29. Energy Nutrients Review • What are the three types of energy nutrients? • Name 2 sources of energy nutrients • Name 2 functions of energy nutrients • What are 3 things that can happen if an animal doesn’t get enough energy nutrients? • What is the difference between complex carbs and simple carbs? • Why can cows digest fiber better than pigs? • Explain what a calorie measures

  30. 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients • Water • Energy Nutrients • Proteins • Minerals • Vitamins

  31. Proteins What are proteins? • Organic compounds that are made up of amino acids • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins • Most expensive part of animal ration

  32. Proteins What are the functions of proteins? • Build and repair body organs and tissues • Ligaments, Hair, Hooves, Horns, Skin, Muscles • Production of milk, eggs, and wool • Fetus development

  33. Proteins When do animals need the greatest amounts of protein? • Young and Growing • Pregnant • Lactating (producing milk)

  34. Proteins What are the 2 types of amino acids? • Non-Essential Amino Acids • Needed by animals • Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and do not have to be provided

  35. Proteins What are the 2 types of amino acids? 2. Essential Amino Acids • Cannot be made from other A.A.’s • Must be provided in the diet • Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided

  36. Proteins What are the 2 sources of proteins? • Animal Proteins • Meat and Bone Scraps • Blood Meal • Fish Meal • Vegetable Proteins • Soybeans • Peanut Meal • Hay • Pastures

  37. Proteins Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant Protein Source Which is a better source? Animal Proteins Why? They contain a good balance of the essential amino acids

  38. Proteins • Simple stomached animals need a balance of the essential A.A.’s • Cereal grains combined in the right amounts, can provide a balanced ration • Urea- synthetic nitrogen source that is mixed in a ration to provide nitrogen for making AA’s in the ruminants body

  39. Proteins What is crude protein? • The amount of ammonical nitrogen in the feed (ammonia) multiplied by 6.25 • It may contain materials that are not true protein

  40. Proteins What is digestible protein? • The true protein in a feed • Not all protein is digestible • 60% of the crude protein(CP) in a roughage diet is digestible • 75% of the CP in a high concentrate ration is digestible

  41. Protein Review • What are proteins and what are the functions of proteins? • Explain what crude protein is. • Name two sources of proteins and an example of each. • Why do young animal require more protein that older animals? • What is the difference between essential and nonessential amino acids? • What is digestible protein?

  42. 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients • Water • Energy Nutrients • Proteins • Minerals • Vitamins

  43. Minerals What are minerals? • Inorganic substances that animals need in small amounts • Minerals contain no carbon

  44. Minerals What are some functions of minerals? 1. Provide material for growth of: • Bones, Teeth, and Tissue 2. Help with muscular activities 3. Reproduction 4. Digestion of feed

  45. Minerals Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are they? • Major (macro) Minerals • Trace (micro) Minerals

  46. Minerals- Major • Needed in large amounts • 7 Macro Minerals • Calcium • Phosphorus • Sodium • Chlorine • Potassium • Sulfur • Magnesium

  47. Minerals- Major What are the most common major minerals animal rations lack? • Sodium • Calcium • Phosphorous

  48. Minerals- Major Sodium • Functions: • Maintain osmotic pressure in cells • Muscle and nerve activity • Deficiencies: • Reduced appetite • Rough hair coat • Cannibalism in chickens • Dirt eating

  49. Minerals- Major Calcium • Functions: • Bone development • Nerve and muscle function • Deficiencies: • Rickets- in young animals bones are soft, bend easily, and are malformed

  50. Minerals- Major Phosphorus • Functions: • Bone and Teeth Development • Appetite • Deficiencies: • Rickets • Stiffness in joints • Loss of appetite

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