Animal Nutrition

1. Animal Nutrition AgriScience 2

2. Animal Digestion Review Digestive system types Monogastric Polygastric

3. Ruminant Digestion

4. True Stomachs • Monogastrics • Stomach • Poultry • Proventriculus • Ruminants • Abomasum

5. Questions • Are horses nonruminants or ruminants? • Do we feed horses large amounts of roughages or concentrates? • How do we justify this?

6. Cecums-The Blind Gut • In most animals • Is of very little importance • Connected to the large intestine • Very important in horses • Contains bacteria, much like a rumen • Breaks down roughages and is why horses consume large amounts of roughages • Not as efficient as a rumen

7. Essential Nutrients

8. P V T T I M H A L L Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Mehtionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine Proteins

9. Carbohydrates • Composed of sugars, starches, and fiber • Provide energy to animals • Glucose, sucrose,lactose,galactose

10. Fats and oils Only needed in small amounts • Found in adequate amounts in most proteins

11. Vitamins • Are catalysts for other body processes • Fat soluble- A, D, E, K, • Water Soluble- C, B complex, B12

12. Minerals • Are a main component of the skeletal system and chemical processes in body. • Major- Ca, P, NaCl • Trace-Fe, Ca, Mn, I, Co, S, Mg, Zn, K, Bo

13. Animal Feedstuffs-Sources of Nutrients Organic matter Ash Dry Matter Protein Carbohydrates Vitamins Fats Crude fiber NFE Cellulose Water Complex sugars Simple sugars Starches

14. Roughages • Contain more than 18% fiber when dry • Dry Forages-Hay, Stover • Ensiled forages-Silage • Green Forages-Pasture, Greenchop

15. Roughages • Two types of plants • Legumes • Alfalfa • Clovers • Soybeans • Non-legumes • Corn silage • Grasses • Grain straw

16. Concentrates • Contain less than 18% fiber when dry • Two types • Energy feeds • Less than 20% protein • Corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat • Protein supplements • More than 20% protein • Animal proteins • Vegetable proteins

17. Nutrient content of Feeds analysis • Do activity

18. Ration Characteristics • Ration • Feed given to an animal during a 24hr. period • Balanced Ration • All the nutrients the animal needs in the right proportions and amounts for a 24 hr period. • Palatable • The food must taste good in order for the animal to eat it

19. Ration Functions

20. Maintenance Ration • Is used to maintain the life of the animal • Energy for functioning of the body and body organs • These activities are grouped to make up what is called basal metabolism • All rations use some of their energy for maintenance of the animal • If all of the ration is being used for maintenance their will not be energy for any other life processes

21. Growth Ration • Used for growth of animals • Help animals become mature • Increase size of muscles, bones, organs, and connective tissues • If an animal does not get a proper growth ration when they are young they will likely not be productive when they become mature

22. Fattening Ration • Extra food in the ration that is not used for maintenance or growth • Stored in the tissues • Fat within the muscles is called? • Marbling

23. Production • Production is for animals who are feeding their young • Production of milk for young in mammals • Eggs for birds such as chickens • Wool for sheep • Production requires extra nutrients

24. Reproduction • Animal may become sterile if it does not get enough nutrition • What does sterile mean? • Animal cannot be bred • In animals already pregnant if there is not enough nutrition then… • Could have an abortion • Most of the growth of the fetus takes place in the last trimester of the pregnancy

25. Work • When do animals do work? • Oxen pulling a plow (old days) • Horses when they are riden • Animals sweat when they work and this takes extra energy

26. Developing a Feeding Program

27. Sampling & Analyzing Feeds • To properly balance a ration you must know the composition of the feed • When getting feeds sampled take a representative sample • Make samples random

28. Feed Additives • Antimicrobial Drugs- • Antibiotics- made from bacteria • Chemoantibacterials-chemicals • Anthelmintics- kill parasites • Hormones/Hormone-like • Miscellaneous-

29. Life Cycle Feeding • Pre-Weaning • Grower • Finishing • Pre-Breeding • Gestation • Lactation

30. Developing a Balanced Ration

31. Dry Matter Basis vs. As-fed Basis • 100 percent dry matter • Data presented as all moisture is removed from the feed • As-fed Basis • Data collected with average amount of moisture in the feed

32. Conversions • As-fed to dry matter basis • A=B x C • Dry matter to as-fed basis • B= A/C • Where • A=pounds of feed on 100% dry matter basis • B=pounds of feed on as-fed basis • C=% dry matter in the feed

33. Balance on Protein • Total Protein • Amount of protein in the ration • Crude Protein • Metabolizable Protein • Digestible Protein

34. Balance on Energy

35. Balance on TDN • Total Digestible Nutrients- TDN • = total of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, digestible crude fiber, and 2.25 times the digestible fat

36. Balancing Rations- Pearson Square

37. Steps • Draw a square with lines connecting the opposite corners. • Write the % protein need in the center of the square where the lines cross. • Write the feeds to be used and their crude protein percents at the left-hand corners of the square.

38. Steps • Subtract the smaller number from the larger along the diagonal lines. • Write the difference at the opposite end of the diagonals. • Difference in #’s on the left should equal the sum of #’s on the right

39. Steps • Divide parts of each feed by the total parts to find the percents of each feed in the ration. (you will have to take the number you find and multiply by 100 to find the percent) • In other words divide each number on the right by the sum of the numbers on the right.

40. Pearson Square 8.9 45.8-14=31.8 14 14-8.9=5.1 45.8 45.8-8.9=36.9 31.8+5.1=36.9

41. Steps • 31.8/36.9=86.2% Corn • 5.1/36.9=13.8% Soybean oil meal