Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Meat and Bones

2. The Musculoskeletal System The musculoskeletal system consists of two systems that work together to support the body and allow for movement of the animal: the skeletal system = bones, joints, cartilage, and various connective tissues the muscular system = muscles and various connective tissues

3. The Skeletal System The skeletal system consists of bones joints tendons ligaments cartilage

4. The Skeletal System Bones form the framework that supports and protects the body aid in body movement function to form blood cells Joints aid in movement of the body Cartilage protects the ends of bones where they contact each other store and release minerals such as calcium

5. Bones Bone is one of the hardest tissues in the body. Made up of Connective Tissue (supporting) Combining forms for bone: oste/o oss/e oss/i

6. Bones Bones start as cartilage and fibrous membranes that harden into bone before birth. The formation of bone from fibrous tissue is known as ossification.

7. 2 Types of Bones 1.Cortical bone is the hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone. Cortex means bark or shell in Latin. Cortical bone also is known as compact bone.

8. Types of Bones 2.Cancellous boneis the lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bone. cancellous = latticework in Latin also known as spongy bone

9. Classification of bones Long bone-has a shaft, two ends, marrow cavity

10. Long Bone Terms Long bones consist of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity. Femur Humerus Tibia Radius

11. Long Bone Terms Bone word parts: epi- = above physis = growth dia- = between peri- = surrounding -um = structure endo- = within or inner meta- = beyond Physis-growth (plate) Epiphysis-above the growth Metaphysis beyond the growth Diaphysis-shaft between the growth Periosteum- surrounding bone bones are covered with a thin connective tissue called the periosteum-blends into ligaments and tendons binding them to bones Endosteum- within/inner bone-any open spaces within the bone are covered by the endosteum

13. Short bone- cube shaped, no marrow: carpal

14. Flat bones- thin flat bones: pelvis

15. Pneumatic bones- sinus containing bones (frontal) Irregular bones- unpaired: vertebrae

16. Sesamoid bones- small, embedded in a tendon: patella

17. Cartilage Cartilage is a form of connective tissue that is more elastic than bone. The combining form for cartilage is chondr/o.

18. Cartilage Articular cartilage is a type of cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bone. The meniscus is a curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints. provides additional cushioning

19. Cartilage

21. Articular Cartilage Covers joint surfaces

22. Bell Work Tuesday October 29 Cancellous bone is soft/ hard and is found in the outer layer/ inner portions of bone. Is the arrow pointing to the epiphysis, diaphysis, or Metaphysis? Distal or proximal?

23. Joints Joints are connections between bones. Joints also are known as articulations. The combining form for joint is arthr/o.

24. Joints Joints are classified based on their degree of movement: synarthroses immovable amphiarthroses slightly movable diathroses freely movable

25. Skull Primate thumb Non moveable Free movement: Synovial joints Stifle, elbow Hip shoulder Mandibular Pelvic carpal

26. Bell work Wednesday, October 30 Match the following words to their meaning: Diarthrosis a. Allows free movement Amphiarthroses b. Doesn’t allow movement Synarthrosis c. Allows slight movement Pivot Joints, hinge joints, and ball and socket joints are examples of synarthroses, diarthrosis, or amphiarthroses?

27. Luxating Patella

28. Ligaments Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect one bone to another. Ligament/o is the combining form for ligament.

29. Tendons Tendons are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone. Ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o are combining forms for tendon.

30. Cushioning and Lubrication • Bursa: Fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction. Burs/o Plural: bursae • Synovial fluid and membrane- • Synovial joints • Lining which secretes synovial fluid, acts as a lubricant • Synovi/o

31. The Skeleton The skeleton is divided into two parts: The axial skeleton protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

32. The Skeleton The appendicular skeleton is the framework that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. Appen means to add or hang. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the front and hind limbs.

33. Bell Work Thursday, October 31 Fill in the blanks. 1. Tendons connect _________to __________ and ligaments connect _____________to ______________. 2. The axial skeleton consists of _______________________________ and the apendicular skeleton consists of __________________________________.

34. The Axial Skeleton The cranium is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain. The combining form for skull is crani/o. The skull also has air- or fluid-filled spaces called sinuses.

35. The skull:Cranium Bones and Face Bones Occipital bone parietal frontal Zygomatic arch nasal sphenoid incisive Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Incisive

36. occipital = caudal aspect or high point of skull • foramen = hole in a bone for passage • foramen magnum is large hole in back of skull • Temporal bones = paired bones that form sides of cranium • sinuses = air or fluid filled spaces within bones • zygomatic = forms cheek bones • lacrimal = medial part of the orbit (eye socket) • hyoid = bones suspended to hold tongue

37. Short, Average, Long

40. Triva: The average dog has about 320 bones… 134 in the axial skeleton-the skull has 50 flat bones! 186 in the appendicular skeleton The average horse has about 205 bones

41. The Axial Skeleton The vertebral column supports the head and body and provides protection for the spinal cord. The vertebral column is comprised of individual bones called vertebra. The combining forms for vertebra are spondyl/o and vertebr/o. Vertebrae is the plural form. Horse C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd 15-21 Dog C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20 Cat C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 14-23

42. Parts of a Vertebra Vertebrae are divided into parts: body arch lamina vertebral foramen processes spinous process transverse process articular process

43. Cervical vertabrae C1 and C2 are called atlas (C1) and axis (C2)…C1 joins to the occipital bone and brain stem continues through the magnum foramen. The atlas joins by way of condoyle joint and allows up and down movement. The axis is a pivot joint and allows for up and down movement

44. Bell Work Monday November 4 The hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord is called ___________? The zygomatic arch forms the__________? The portion of the skull that protects the brain is called the ___________? Vertebrae are organized by regions- they are called ____________,___________,_________________________, ______________________.

45. Other Axial Skeleton Parts Ribs Combining form is cost/o. Are flat bones Attached by cartilage Purpose to protect Sternum Manubrium, body, xiphoid sternebrae xiphoidprocess (caudal-most sternebra) Flat bones and cartiligenous Make up the boundaries of the thoracic cavity (protects heart and lungs)

46. The Appendicular Skeleton Front limb scapula clavicle humerus radius ulna carpal bones metacarpal bones cannon bone in livestock phalanges

47. The Appendicular Skeleton Phalanx names: P1 = long pastern bone in livestock P2 = short pastern bone in livestock P3 = coffin bone in livestock P3 in small animals may be called the claw or nail. Combining form for claw or nail is onych/o.

48. Phalanges • Dog: • 3 phalanges 1-3 • proximal, middle, distal • 5 digits I-V • Start medial to lateral • Medial digit is digit I • (the dewclaw)

49. Phalanx Fetlock joint • Horse • One digit (III) • 3 phalanx bones

50. Cloven hoof • Cloven hoofed animals • Two digits (III-IV) • Three phalanx bones • Digits II and V are vestiges • Distal phalanx is encased in a hoof.