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A Comprehensive History of Photovoltaics: Milestones and Modern Applications

This article delves into the history and evolution of photovoltaics, beginning with Edmund Becquerel's discovery of the photovoltaic effect in 1839. Key milestones, such as the development of the first solar cell by Fritts in 1883, Albert Einstein's influential paper on the photoelectric effect in 1904, and the launch of Vanguard I as the first solar-powered satellite in 1958, are explored. The article also discusses contemporary photovoltaic applications, including off-grid and grid-tied battery systems, different types of solar cells, and recent advancements in solar cell efficiencies.

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A Comprehensive History of Photovoltaics: Milestones and Modern Applications

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  1. Introduction to Photovoltaics Dennis Scanlin Appalachian State University

  2. Photovoltaic History 1839 Edmund Becquerel - first recognized the effect

  3. Early PV milestones 1839 – discovery of the photovoltaic effect; 1873 – Smith discovers the photoconductivity of selenium 1883 – Fritts develops first selenium cell (1% efficient) 1904 – Einstein published his paper on the photoelectric effect (along with a paper on his theory of relativity) 1921 – Albert Einstein wins the Nobel Prize for his theories (1904 paper) explaining the photoelectric effect Albert Einstein

  4. P-N Junction & 1st cells Technology Developed at Bell Labs in 1940’s & 50’s Patented 1st modern solar cell called a “Light sensitive device”

  5. Vanguard I - first PV powered satellite Launched in 1958; 4th artificial satellite solar panel: 0.1W, 100 cm² Still orbiting; longest orbiting artificial satellite $1000/watt

  6. Contemporary Applications:Direct Power Water Pumping or Air Moving

  7. Direct Power

  8. Contemporary Applications:Off Grid Battery Based Systems

  9. Off Grid Battery Based Systems

  10. Offgrid Battery Based System

  11. Hybrid Systems

  12. Grid Tied Battery Based Systems

  13. Battery Charging Systems

  14. Direct Grid Tie BatterylessSystems

  15. Direct Grid Tie PV

  16. Direct Grid Tie Inverters

  17. Direct Grid Tied PV: Residential

  18. Number of Residential vs Commercial Systems Installed

  19. Direct Grid Tied Utility Scale Photovoltaic Systems

  20. Annual US Installed Grid PV

  21. Mounting Hardware

  22. PV Production by Country

  23. Types of PV Cells/Products Single Crystalline Polycrystalline String Ribbon Amorphous or Thin Film

  24. Shipments of PV by Type

  25. Best Research-Cell Efficiencies Spectrolab Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic) Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized) Emerging PVOrganic cells 36 Spectrolab Japan Energy 32 NREL/ Spectrolab NREL 28 NREL UNSW UNSW 24 UNSW Spire UNSW NREL Cu(In,Ga)Se2 14x concentration UNSW Stanford Spire UNSW Georgia Tech ARCO 20 NREL Efficiency (%) Sharp Georgia Tech Westing- house Varian NREL NREL NREL 16 UniversitySo. Florida NREL No. Carolina StateUniversity NREL AstroPower Euro-CIS Boeing Solarex ARCO Boeing 12 Kodak Boeing UnitedSolar AMETEK Masushita United Solar AstroPower Kodak Boeing 8 Monosolar Photon Energy RCA Solarex University California Berkeley Boeing Princeton University of Maine 4 RCA RCA UniversityKonstanz RCA RCA RCA NREL RCA 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 026587136

  26. Concentrating PV

  27. PV Prices

  28. Cost of Energy

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