Finite State Machines

1. Finite State Machines Chapter 5

2. Languages and Machines

3. Regular Languages Regular Language L Regular Expression Accepts Finite State Machine

4. Finite State Machines An FSM to accept $.50 in change:

5. Definition of a DFSM M = (K, , , s, A), where: K is a finite set of states  is an alphabet sK is the initial state AK is the set of accepting states, and  is the transition function from (K) to K

6. Accepting by a DFSM Informally, M accepts a string w iff M winds up in some element of A when it has finished reading w. The language accepted by M, denoted L(M), is the set of all strings accepted by M.

7. Configurations of DFSMs A configuration of a DFSM M is an element of: K* It captures the two things that can make a difference to M’s future behavior: • its current state • the input that is still left to read. The initial configuration of a DFSM M, on input w, is: (sM, w)

8. The Yields Relations The yields-in-one-step relation |-M: (q, w) |-M (q', w') iff • w = aw' for some symbol a, and •  (q, a) = q' |-M * is the reflexive, transitive closure of |-M.

9. Computations Using FSMs A computation by M is a finite sequence of configurations C0, C1, …, Cn for some n 0 such that: • C0 is an initial configuration, • Cn is of the form (q, ), for some state qKM, • C0 |-MC1 |-MC2 |-M … |-MCn.

10. Accepting and Rejecting A DFSM Maccepts a string w iff: (s, w) |-M * (q, ), for some qA. A DFSM Mrejects a string w iff: (s, w) |-M* (q, ), for some qAM. The language accepted byM, denoted L(M), is the set of all strings accepted by M. Theorem: Every DFSM M, on input s, halts in |s| steps.

11. An Example Computation An FSM to accept odd integers: even odd even q0q1 odd On input 235, the configurations are: (q0, 235) |-M (q0, 35) |-M |-M Thus (q0, 235) |-M* (q1, )

12. Regular Languages A language is regular iff it is accepted by some FSM.

13. A Very Simple Example L = {w {a, b}* : every a is immediately followed by a b}.

14. A Very Simple Example L = {w {a, b}* : every a is immediately followed by a b}.

15. Parity Checking L = {w {0, 1}* : w has odd parity}.

16. Parity Checking L = {w {0, 1}* : w has odd parity}.

17. No More Than One b L = {w {a, b}* : every a region in w is of even length}.

18. No More Than One b L = {w {a, b}* : every a region in w is of even length}.

19. Checking Consecutive Characters L = {w {a, b}* : no two consecutive characters are the same}.

20. Checking Consecutive Characters L = {w {a, b}* : no two consecutive characters are the same}.

21. Dead States L = {w {a, b}* : every a region in w is of even length}

22. Dead States L = {w {a, b}* : every a region in w is of even length}

23. Dead States L = {w {a, b}* : every b in w is surrounded by a’s}

24. The Language of Floating Point Numbers is Regular Example strings: +3.0, 3.0, 0.3E1, 0.3E+1, -0.3E+1, -3E8 The language is accepted by the DFSM:

25. A Simple Communication Protocol

26. Controlling a Soccer-Playing Robot

27. A Simple Controller

28. Programming FSMs Cluster strings that share a “future”. Let L = {w {a, b}* : w contains an even number of a’s and an odd number of b’s}

29. Even a’s Odd b’s

30. Vowels in Alphabetical Order L = {w {a - z}* : all five vowels, a, e, i, o, and u, occur in w in alphabetical order}.

31. Vowels in Alphabetical Order L = {w {a - z}* : all five vowels, a, e, i, o, and u, occur in w in alphabetical order}.

32. Programming FSMs L = {w {a, b}* : w does not contain the substring aab}.

33. Programming FSMs L = {w {a, b}* : w does not contain the substring aab}. Start with a machine for L: How must it be changed?

34. A Building Security System L = {event sequences such that the alarm should sound}

35. FSMs Predate Computers The Prague Orloj, originally built in 1410.

36. The Abacus

37. The Jacquard Loom Invented in 1801.

38. Finite State Representations in Software Engineering A high-level state chart model of a digital watch.

39. Making the Model Hierarchical

40. The Missing Letter Language Let  = {a, b, c, d}. Let LMissing= {w : there is a symbol ai not appearing in w}. Try to make a DFSM for LMissing:

41. Definition of an NDFSM • M = (K, , , s, A), where: • K is a finite set of states •  is an alphabet • sK is the initial state • AK is the set of accepting states, and  is the transition relation. It is a finite subset of • (K ( {})) K

42. Accepting by an NDFSM M accepts a string w iff there exists some path along which w drives M to some element of A. The language accepted by M, denoted L(M), is the set of all strings accepted by M.

43. Sources of Nondeterminism

44. Analyzing Nondeterministic FSMs Two approaches: • Explore a search tree: • Follow all paths in parallel

45. Optional Substrings L = {w {a, b}* : w is made up of an optional a followed by aa followed by zero or more b’s}.

46. Multiple Sublanguages L = {w {a, b}* : w = aba or |w| is even}.

47. The Missing Letter Language Let  = {a, b, c, d}. Let LMissing= {w : there is a symbol ai not appearing in w}

48. The Missing Letter Language

49. Pattern Matching L = {w {a, b, c}* : x, y {a, b, c}* (w = xabcabby)}. A DFSM:

50. Pattern Matching L = {w {a, b, c}* : x, y {a, b, c}* (w = xabcabby)}. An NDFSM: