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The Cold War

The Cold War. Adair Doran. The Cold War. Grew out of the end/conflicting ambitions of WWII. US. Most powerful, most prosperous Not bombed, 400,000killed, more injured Biggest army/navy – only one with the A-bomb Wanted to demobilize Wanted to build a peaceful world. USSR.

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War Adair Doran

  2. The Cold War • Grew out of the end/conflicting ambitions of WWII

  3. US • Most powerful, most prosperous • Not bombed, 400,000killed, more injured • Biggest army/navy – only one with the A-bomb • Wanted to demobilize • Wanted to build a peaceful world

  4. USSR • Enormous economic and military strength • Suffered heavy losses – men, industries, cities • 20-25 million casualties ( 1 to 50) • Concerned with protecting country from further attacks • Wanted Eastern Europe as a buffer zone

  5. San Francisco Conference • UN Charter signed in 1945 • Organization based in NYC • General Assembly – representative body, all member- one vote • Security Council – 5 permanent members, 6 (to10) rotating, had veto power

  6. UN • International Court of Justice • UN peacekeeping force made up of member troops, could be used to enforce decisions on separate groups • 1948 – Universal Declaration of Human Rights • UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, FAO

  7. COLD WAR – roots • Conferences • Atlantic Charter, 1941 • Casablanca Conference • Teheran Conference, 1943 • Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945 • Potsdam Conference, 1945

  8. Cold War • Europe after WWII • Struggling to survive • 10s of millions homeless • Coldest winter 1946-47

  9. Cold War - Germany • In ruins • No major bridges • Few businesses, factories • Divided into 4 zones of occupation • 1949 – GB, Fr, and US join zones

  10. Cold War – eastern Europe • USSR occupied Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, eastern Germany • Local communists in these countries fought against Nazis • Close ties with SU • Free elections not allowed • Become Soviet “satellites”

  11. Yugoslavia • Becomes communist under Josip Broz Tito • Had led guerillas against Nazis • Fierce nationalist • Opposed Stalin, kept independence • Remained in power until 1980

  12. Cold War • Churchill –“Iron Curtain” Speech • US debates response • Alliance to halt expansion • Allow SU to control countries on its own borders • Containment – George Kennan • Prevent any extension of communism to other countires

  13. Cold War – first test • Greece and Turkey • SU wants Dardanelles • Communists threaten Greek govt • GB tells US – they cannot take care of it

  14. Truman Doctrine • March 12, 1947 • Asks for $400 million in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey • 1st step in containment

  15. Truman Doctrine • “It must be the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure.”

  16. Marshall Plan • Proposed June 1947 • Secretary of State – George Marshall • Extensive economic aid to all nations of Europe • Next 4 years, 16 Western European nations helped - @ $13Billion

  17. Offered to Eastern Europe – only Yugoslavia accepted • Industrial production increased by 41% over pre-war output • Currencies stabilized • Exports rising

  18. Cold War alliances • Feared the cold war would become “hot” • US built up armed forces in Europe continued the draft, army and navy at record high for peacetime • SU did same

  19. NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • US, Canada, GB, Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal • Pledged military support if attacked

  20. NATO • First peacetime alliance for US since 1776 • Greece and Turkey join in 1952 • Germany joined in 1955 • Standing force of 500,000 troops as well as tanks, planes, etc.

  21. Warsaw Pact • Alliance system develped by SU • USSR + 7 eastern European countries • Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

  22. Berlin Airlift • Berlin divided into 4 zones • 110 miles within occupied Soviet zone • US, GB, Fr agree to unite occupation zones – West Berlin • June 1948 – Stalin closed all highway and rail routes into Berlin • No food or fuel could reach 2.5 million residents, had enough for 36 days

  23. June 24, 1948 • Truman ordered massive airlift to supply West Berlin • 4500 tons of food, fuel supplies daily • Transferred 60 bombers to bases in England – A-bomb capable • “Operation Vittles”

  24. May 12, 1949 Stalin reopened rail and road traffic to Berlin • Constant roar of planes – vivid demonstration of American power • Increased cooperation between West Germany and the US

  25. East/West Germany • East Germany • Life bleak • Few consumer goods • Little meat or fresh vegetables

  26. West Germany, West Berlin • New construction • Increased standard of living • More than 3 million East Germans fled to West Germany, many through East Berlin • Aug 13, 1961 – Berlin wall built

  27. Cold War Timeline - 1940s • Truman Doctine, 1947 • Marshall Plan, 1947-48 • Berlin Airlift, 1948 • NATO, 1949 • Communist China under Mao Zedong defeat nationalists under Chiang Kaishek

  28. The Cold War -1950s • Korean War, 1950-1953 • Stalin’s death, 1953 • Geneva Summit, 1955 • Eisenhower, British and French prime ministers, Soviet leaders

  29. Khruschev’s rise to power • condemned Stalin’s excesses • declared USSR more willing to share peaceful relations, peaceful coexistence • put down Hungary’s attempt to leave - brutally

  30. War in the Middle East between Israel and its neighbors • US supports Israel, USSR supports Arabs • Egypt, 1956 • nationalization of the Suez Canal • France and GB humiliated by US-USSR agreement

  31. Sputknik, 1957 • humiliated US • space race begins, NASA created • Cuban Revolution, 1959 • becomes Communist • allies with USSR

  32. Cold War Timeline - 1960sMost dangerous phase • 1960 - Paris Summit ended with U-2 spy plane incident • 1961 - Bay of Pigs invasion • 1961 - Berlin Wall erected • USSR sends man into space • Yuri Gagarin

  33. 1962 - US sends “military advisors” to Vietnam • 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis • 1963 - Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • 1963 - “hot line” installed • 1964 - Brezhnev replaces Khruschev

  34. 1968 - Prague Spring • 1968 - “Brezhnev Doctrine” • 1968 - Tet Offensive • 1969 - US puts man on the moon • 1969 - growing conflict between China and USSR • 1968-69 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

  35. Cold War Timeline - 1970s • 1969 – 1979 détente • “relaxation of tensions” • Still sponsored opposing sides • Establish a working relationship • Arms race continued

  36. 1972 – SALT • 1972 - Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty • 1975 – Helsinki Accords • 1975 – Apollo-Soyuz, joint space mission 1979 – USSR invades Afghanistan

  37. Cold WarTimeline – 1980s • Cold War resumes • Olympics boycotted 1980, 1984 • Reagan swings foreign policy to the right • Arms race escalates

  38. 1985 – Gorbachev • 1987 – arms control negotiations resume • 1989-90 East Europe freed from USSR domination • 1991 – USSR gone

  39. Europe After WWII • Italy • Alcide de Gaspari • Christian Democrats

  40. France • Catholic Party • Robert Schumann • General Charles de Gaulle • Fourth French Republic

  41. Germany • Federal Republic of Germany • Konrad Adenauer • Christian Democrats • Socialists, Communists

  42. Great Britain • Conservative party replaced by Labour Party • Clement Atlee

  43. All the European countries create a more socialized state. Many major industries are nationalized, old age and health care benefits are instituted, and the middle and upper classes are taxed heavily.

  44. The 50s are the ‘silver age” of Europe. • The 60s are its “golden age”. • Aided in recovery by the Marshall Plan, NATO, Korean conflict, etc. • Recovery continues until 1974.

  45. The European Common Market • Organization of European Economic Cooperation, 1948, Council of Europe • Developed the Schumann Plan, 1952 • Monnet and Schumann • European Coal and Steel Community • 1957 – create the European Economic Community (Common Market) – Treaty of Rome

  46. European Economic Community has problems in the 1960s • Nationalism • France – Algerian conflict • Charles de Gaulle – 5th Republic, 1958 • Rules until 1969, withdraws from NATO • Develops nuclear weapons • Keeps GB out of CM until 1973

  47. Decolonization • Most European countries willing to let go of colonies to rebuild at home. • GB – India • China – Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai shek • Indochina • HO Chi Minh – VIetnam • Dien Bien Phu, 1954

  48. Israel – 1948 • War with Arabs until 1993 • Egypt • Nasser – nationalizes Suez Canal, 1952 • Africa – many colonies given independence. Cold War competition for support and allies.

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