AP World History Review: Human/Environment Interaction

1. AP World History Review:Human/Environment Interaction

2. Human/Environment Interaction • This theme includes: • Demography & Disease • Demography is the statistical study of human populations • Migrations • Patterns of Settlement • Technology

3. 8000 B.C.E. – 600 B.C.E. • Big Geography and peopling of the earth • Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies

4. Paleolithic Era: Demography Population growth during the Paleolithic Era was relatively stagnant

5. Paleolithic Era: Migration

6. Paleolithic Era: Patterns of Settlement • Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers) • Men hunt and/or fish; women gather fruits • Follow migratory patterns of animals • Need large portions of land to support themselves • Life expectancy was 20 years or less • Lived in groups of 20-30 people

7. Paleolithic Era: Technology

8. Adapt technology and cultures to new climate regions • Humans use fire in new ways • Aid hunting and foraging • Protect against predators • Adapt to cold environments Developed wider range of tools specially adapted to different environments

9. Neolithic Era: Technology • Agriculture (10,000 BCE) • Caused by climate change? • Slash & Burn • Domestication of Animals • Technology related to agriculture • Irrigation, canals, etc. • Bronze metallurgy • People need nature & nature needs people

10. Transition Effects • Created a more reliable but not necessarily more diversified food supply • Massive environmental impact • Intense cultivation of selected plants to the exclusion of others • Pastoralism emerged • Domesticated animals and led herds • Patriarchy and forced labor systems developed • Gave elite men concentrated power

11. Neolithic Era: Demography • Effects of agriculture • Increase in population • Rise of disease • Decline of life expectancy • Environmental degradation • Increase in pollution • Increase in deforestation • Increase in desertification Intensive agriculture caused human population to jump from 5-8 million to 60 to 70 million in 5,000 years

12. New Patterns of Settlement • Small village communities • Pastoral societies • Nomadic herders • Rise of civilizations • Mesopotamia (3500 BCE) • Egypt (3000 BCE) • Indus River (2500 BCE) • China (2000 BCE) • Olmec (1400 BCE) • Chavin (900 BCE)

13. Human Migration: Indo-Europeans Aryans

14. Human Migration: Polynesians Bananas!

15. Human Migration: Bantu

16. New Technology: Iron • Iron use begins 1500 BCE • Effects of Iron • Population growth • Expansion of agriculture • Growth of cities • Expansion of civilization

17. Classical Period 600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E. • Cities grow and serve as centers for trade • Empires expand and use Imperialism and relocation to create more farm land • Imperial societies employ methods to maintain food production • Corvee • Slavery • Rents and tributes • Peasant communities • Family and household production

18. Environmental Damage • Through excessive mobilization of resources Imperial governments caused environmental damage • Deforestation • Desertification • Soil Erosiaon • Silted Rivers

19. Patterns of Settlement: Classical Era

20. Emergence of Trans-regional Networks • Volume of long distance trade increases dramatically • Resulted from the demand for raw materials and luxury goods • Land and water routes • Exchange of people, technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops, domesticated animals, and disease pathogens developed alongside trade goods

21. Trade Routes • Eurasian Silk Roads • Trans-Saharan caravan routes • Indian Ocean sea lanes • Mediterranean sea lanes

22. Technology • Yokes • Saddles • Stirrups • Qanant System • Lateen sail • Dhow ships

23. Disease • Spread of disease pathogens diminished urban populations and contributed to the decline of some empires • Roman Empire • Han Empire

24. Classical Demography • Spread of epidemic disease • Smallpox, Justinian plague, etc. • Population decreases dramatically • Europe falls 50% between 200-600 CE • Asia’s population falls from 170 to 135 million between 0-600 CE • Contributes to the decline of classical empires

25. Post Classical 600 C.E. – 1450 C.E. • Afro-Eurasia and the Americas remained separate • Deepening and widening of old a new networks of human interaction within and across regions • Silk Roads • Mediterranean Sea • Trans-Saharan • Indian Ocean • Conduit for biological diffusion

26. Technology • Horse collar • Caravanserai • Camel Saddles • Champa rice • Waru Waru agricultural techniques in the Andean areas • Improved terracing techniques

27. Post-Classical Migration Camels!

28. Post-Classical Demography • Population grows after 800 CE • Technology • Europe: moldboard plow and three-field system • China: Champa rice & terrace farming • Africa: Iron plow • Aztecs: Chinampas • Spread of crops • Rice, cotton, sugarcane, citrus fruits, etc. End of a mini-Ice Age?

29. Continued Diffusion of Crops and Pathogens • New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas • Bananas in Africa • New Rice in East Asia • Spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin • Spread of epidemic diseases • Black death

30. Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its Consequences • Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity – important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes • Productivity rose in both agriculture and industry • Supported population growth and urbanization

31. Multiple factors led to the decline of urban areas • Disease • Decline of agricultural productivity • Little Ice Age • Invasions

32. Multiple factors contributed to urban revival • End of invasions • Availability of safe and reliable transport • Rise of commerce and warmer temperatures between 800-1300 • Greater availability of labor

34. Post-Classical Demography • Urbanization • Hangzhou—1 million ppl. • Paris—275,000 people • Italian cities • Tenochtitlan • Bubonic Plague • China’s population fell 50% from 1200-1400 • Europe’s population fell 33%-50% • Population took only 100 years to rebound

35. Spread of Civilization

36. Spread of Civilization

37. Global Interactions 1450 - 1750 • Interconnection of Eastern and Western hemispheres • Transoceanic voyaging • Global circulation of some commodities • Formation of new regional markets • Facilitated the migration of large numbers of people • Germs carried to the Americas and ravaged indigenous people • Global exchange of crops and animals altered agriculture, diets, and populations around the planet

38. Technology • Astrolabe • Revised maps • Caravels • Navigational School

39. Demography 1450-1750: Americas • Discovery of the Americas • Decreased indigenous American population by as much as 90% • Replaced by two waves of migration • African slave trade • European colonization

40. European Colonization • Spread of diseases • Small pox, measles, influenza • Unintentional transfer of vermin • Mosquitoes and rats

41. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

42. Columbian Exchange

43. Goods Exchanged • American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe • Potatoes • Maize • Manioc • Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mainly to Europe and the Middle East • Sugar • Tobacco

44. Goods Exchanged • Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African Slaves • Horses • Pigs • Cattle • Okra • Rice

45. Effects • Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops • European colonization and the introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment • Deforestation • Soil Depletion • Eradication of native species

46. Demography 1450-1750: China • China’s population tripled from 1650-1750 • Improved farming techniques • Introduction of American crops (potatoes and corn) • End of nomadic invasions

47. Demography 1450-1750: Europe • Urbanization • Netherlands became 1st country with 50% urban population • London—50,000 in 1600; 400,000 by 1650 • Paris—200,000 in 1350; 500,000 by 1700 • Agricultural Revolution • Crop rotation and enclosures • American crops (corn and potatoes) • Population in every area of Europe increased by 50-100% in the 18th century

48. New Modes of Production • Changes in agricultural labor • Peasant labor intensified • Growth of plantations • Chattle slavery, encomienda, hacienda, mit’a • Surge in agricultural productivity • New methods in crop and field rotation • Introduction of new crops • Demographic growth • By 1700s population was restored in the americas

49. Industrialization ad Global Integration 1750 - 1900 • Need for raw materials • Increased food supplies • Growing populations

50. Industrial Revolution & Resources Cotton Cotton Cotton Palm Oil Rubber Rubber Rubber Gold & Diamonds Gold Meat