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Unit-5-ATC & Aerodrome Design 1401. VISUAL AIDS FOR NAVIGATION, VISUAL AIDS FOR DENOTING OBSTACLES EMERGENCY AND OTHER SERVICES. Syllabus.
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Unit-5-ATC & Aerodrome Design1401 VISUAL AIDS FOR NAVIGATION, VISUAL AIDS FOR DENOTING OBSTACLES EMERGENCY AND OTHER SERVICES
Syllabus • Visual aids for navigation Wind direction indicator – Landing direction indicator – Location and characteristics of signal area – Markings, general requirements – Various markings – Lights, general requirements – Aerodrome beacon, identification beacon – Simple approach lighting system and various lighting systems – VASI & PAPI - Visual aids for denoting obstacles; object to be marked and lighter – Emergency and other services.
Visual and Nav Aids Visual aids for navigation Wind direction indicator – Landing direction indicator – Location and characteristics of signal area
Chennai Airport Specification • Location Trisoolam;MSL=16m • Bearing=12*59’N 80*E • Runway 1. 07/25; 3.658m Asphalt • Runway 2.12/30; 2.05m Asphalt/Concrete
Visual Aids for Navigation • Stop Bars on Domestic and International runways • Parking stand with center line lighting system • Instrument Landing system (ILS) • During Day time: • Windsocks, Windpipe, • During Night Time: • Beacon lights
Wind direction indicator-Windsock • Pilot check windsock or Wind Tee or Tetrahedron • Wind direction indicators include a wind sock, wind tee, or tetrahedron. • Located in a central location near the runway and may be placed in the center of a segmented circle identifying the traffic pattern direction, left-hand pattern. • The windsock a good source of information since it not only indicates wind direction, but also allows the pilot to estimate the wind velocity and gusts or factor. • Windsock extends out straighter in strong winds and will tend to move back and forth when the wind is gusty. • also look at the windsock, if available
Wind cone or Windsock • Weather resistant man-made fiber, impregnated fluorescent orange, mounted on a ring, attached to a bearing mounted, free rotating counter balanced assembly on a steel tubular column. • Column: galvanized column raised or lowered by means of a lifting lever associated with a spring counter balance unit. • Floodlights4 x 80W sealed beam floodlights. • Obstruction Lights One ZA753/6 double obstruction light c/w automatic lamp with changeover relay. • GlasswareTwo red glass domes for ZA753/6.Made of Handmade Fiber
Wind Tee & Tetrahedron and • Wind tees and tetrahedrons can swing freely, and will align themselves with the wind direction. • TETRAHEDRON- A device normally located on uncontrolled airports and used as a landing direction indicator. The small end of a tetrahedron points in the direction of landing. • The tetrahedron indicating wind direction by pointing into the wind • The wind tee and tetrahedron be manually set to align with the runway in use;
Nav Aids and Beacons Aerodrome beacon, identification beacon
Landing Direction Indicator • A device to pilots indicating visually aircraft direction designated for landing or takeoff.
Types of Landing based on Visibility • Cat I landing: < 800 m Visibility on precision approach • Cat II Landing: = 350 m visibility Precision instrument approach • Cat III Landing: = 200 m visibility divided into Cat III A(100m), Cat III B (50m) and CAT III C( 0m)
5 Phases of Approach on ILS • Arrival • Initial Approach of flight for aligning the aircraft for FAF-Final Approach Fix to the Runway • Intermediate approach for complex approach • Final Approach-4 to 12 nm @2.5 to 6* • Missed approach- an optional case in case of VFR not obtained
Five Phases of Flight for ILS • Arrival: Pilot navigates to the Initial Approach Fix . • Initial Approach:Pilot commences the navigation of the aircraft to the Final Approach Fix (FAF), a position aligned with the runway, • Intermediate Approach: an additional phase in more complex approaches that may be required to navigate to the FAF. • Final approach: between 4 and 12 nms of straight flight descending at a set rate (usually an angle of between 2.5 and 6 degrees). • Missed Approach: an optional phase; VFR not have been obtained at the end of the final approach, this allows the pilot to climb the aircraft to a safe altitude and navigate to a position to hold for weather improvement or from where another approach can be commenced
Decision Height • A decision height (DH) - the safe height to the Pilot for Climb in the precision approach when required VFR reference to continue the climb has not been acquired. • A specified height above the ground in an instrument approach procedure & expressed in feet above ground level.
Instrument Landing System • A precision approach guidance system providing precision guidance to aircrafts approaching and landing on a runway • Consist of Localizer, Marker Beacons and DME • Using combination of radio signals and high-intensity lighting arrays for a safe landing during low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow • Aircraft guidance provided by the ILS receivers fitted in the aircraft
Localizer • An Array of directional antennas fitted at the end of the runway • Two signals transmitted on carrier frequency range 108.10 MHz and 111.95 MHz & modulated at 90 Hz & at 150 Hz and transmitted from separate antennas. • Each antenna transmitting a narrow beam, one s to the left of the runway centerline & the other to the right • Depth of modulation at the Loc RX indicate the aircrafts position ( m=0, aircraft at the centerline)
ILS • Localizer beam width = 3 to 6* • ILS use a second beam a "glide slope" beam giving vertical information to the pilot. -glide slope usually 3° wide with a height of 1.4° . • A horizontal needle on the VOR/ILS head indicates the aircraft's vertical position
Airport Beacon • A device located at the airport to attract attention; mounted on the top of control tower, above other buildings of the airport. Producing flashes. • most effective from one to ten degrees above the horizon • Flashing Xenon Strobes @ Rate-24 to 30 per minute with lighted green and white color
Marker Beacons • A particular type of VHF radio beacon used in aviation in conjunction with an instrument landing system (ILS), to give pilots a means to determine position along an established route to a destination such as a runway. • they have become increasingly limited to ILS approach installations
Marker Beacons at the Runway • 3 marker beacons (outer, middle and inner) located in front of the landing runway and indicate their distances from the runway threshold. • Outer Marker (OM) = 4 to 7 miles from the runway. • Middle Marker (MM) = about 3,000 feet from the landing threshold, and • Inner Marker (IM) = between the middle marker and Runway threshold
Markers WHITE Low Visibility AMBER Low Visibility With Missed Approach BLUE Before A Final Approach
Marker Beacons • OM-Blue-400 Hz- • MN-Amber-1300 Hz- for low visibility with missed approach • IM-White-3000 Hz-low visibility condition
Aerodrome Locations • Runway –Main and Secondary • Terminal Building • Control Tower • Taxiway • Holding Points • Serving Area • Sterile Area • Barrier
Various Aerodrome Locations • Main Runway( most frequently used depending on Wind direction) & Secondary Runway (when wind changes the direction) • Terminal Building ( for holding passengers and for immigration and customs) & • Control Tower ( a building with good visibility for aircraft maneuverability) • TaxiwayLights- a link between Runway and diff parts of airport(terminal and hangars), marked by yellow lines • Holding Points ( a place where aircrafts stopped on the taxiway for permission from Control tower to proceed to the runway). and Servicing Platform • Servicing Area: Aircraft Servicing Area-An area reserved for pre and post flight operations between two flights.
Runway Markings • Threshold: marked by a line of green lights-Four stripes on either side of the centerline at the end of the runway • Magnetic Runway Heading-29- number, to the nearest one-tenth of Magnetic North • Landing aiming point a visual cue, it is generally 1,000 feet from the threshold • Touch Down Zone Markers:Meant to help define the touchdown zone, they show distance information in 500 foot increments • Distance to go Markers:number denotes the distance remaining, in thousands of feet. • Runway Designator Sign:the departure end of runway 9 is to your left and the departure end of runway 27 is to your right.
