1. Chapter 32-36

2. Theories on Communism • Domino Theory -1 country falls to communism, whole region becomes communist • Non-alignment - policy of neutrality • Example: Indian didn’t side w/ U.S. or U.S.S.R in Cold War

3. India after WWII • Partition of India (1947) • India divided into Muslim & Hindu states (Pakistan & India) • Very violent • Indira Gandhi • 1st female leader of Independent India 1964

4. Communist China • Mao Zedong • Communist Chinese leader 1949 • Mao’s programs of reform • Great Leap Forward • Failed economic plan • Cultural Revolution • Violent campaign to rid China old ways and instill socialist customs • Tiananmen Square Massacre • Pro-democracy student protests put down violently 1989

5. Korean War • War b/w Communist N. Korea and Democratic S. Korea • Cease fire 1953 • Divided Korea 38th parallel

6. Vietnam War 1945 - 1975 • Ho Chi Minh • Communist N. Vietnam leader • Viet Minh • Ho Chi Minh’s guerilla fighters • End of Vietnam War • South surrendered to North • Vietnam united into one, under communism

7. Cambodia during Vietnam War • Home of Ho Chi Minh Trail • Taken o/ Khmer Rouge • Communist political party led by Pol Pot • Committed acts of genocide

8. Africa after WWII • Pan-Africanism • Nationalistic movement for cultural unity & freedom in Africa

9. South Africa • Apartheid • “apartness” • Policy segregation in S. Africa • Ended 1994 • Nelson Mandela • Led campaign against apartheid • Became first president of new S. Africa

10. Suez Canal Crisis • 1956 Egyptian President Adel Nasser nationalized Suez Canal • Consequence – GB, France, Israel attacked Egypt • Crisis diverted by U.S. President Eisenhower

11. Tensions b/w Israel & Palestine • Israel founded 1948 • This upset Arab Palestinians & fighting ensued • After repeated losses, Palestinians lost hope in gov. ability to reclaim Palestinian land and started guerilla org. PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)

12. 1971 Iranian Revolution • Ayatollah Khomeini o/threw Reza Shah Pahlavi

13. Persian Gulf War 1990-1991 • AKA Operation Desert Storm • Cause: Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait • Outcome: U.S. and coalition forces removed Saddam from Kuwait, not from Iraq

14. OPEC • Org. of Petroleum Exporting Countries

15. Cuban Missile Crisis • Standoff b/w U.S. (JFK) and U.S.S.R. (Khrushchev) in Cuba (Castro) • U.S.S.R placed missiles in Communist Cuba • Reason – to protect Cuba from U.S. invasion • Cuba fearful of invasion b/c U.S. tried to o/throw Castro in failed Bay of Pigs invasion • Crisis avoided

16. NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement • Canada, U.S. and Mexico

17. Germany • Ostpolitik “Eastern Policy” (1969) • W. Germany’s attempt to improve relations with E. Europe

18. Fall of Communism • 1970’s Brezhnev Doctrine • USSR intervene in any country moving away from communism • 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev • Began series of reforms: • Perestroika “restructuring” • Glasnost “openness” • New democratic reforms made it hard to keep USSR together • 1991 USSR fell • Boris Yeltsin became president new Russian Federation

19. Modern World Population and Climate • 2003, 6.3 billion people • Effect increase pollution • Effects of pollution: • Acid rain – toxic rain • Greenhouse effect – warming of earth’s temp., increased desertification and water levels • Thinning ozone layer

20. Advances in Science • Laser – intense beam travels in straight line • Used in communications and medicine • Genetics – study heredity • Understanding genetic code could lead to new cures or cloning

21. Advances in Travel • Air plane • Space shuttle • Apollo 11 • 1st moon landing

22. Communication Devices