Superpower Détente KHRUSHCHEV COEXISTENT

1. Superpower DétenteKHRUSHCHEV COEXISTENT

2. US Presidents Timeline • 1933-1945 – President Roosevelt (FDR) (D) • 1945-1953 – President Harry Truman (D) • 1953-1961 – President Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) • 1961-1963 – President John F.Kennedy (D) • 1963-1969 – President Lyndon B. Johnson (D) • 1969-1974 – President Richard M. Nixon (R) • 1974-1977 – President Gerald Ford (R) • 1977-1981 – President James “Jimmy”Carter (D) • 1981-1989 – President Ronald Reagan (R) • 1989-1993 – President George H. W. Bush (R) • 1993-2001 – President William J. Clinton (D) • 2001-2009 – President George W. Bush (R) • 2009- Present - OBAMA!!!!

3. USSR First / General Secretaries • 1917-1924 – V. I. Lenin • 1924-1953 – Joseph Stalin • 1953-1964 – Nikita Khrushchev • 1964-1982 – Leonid Brezhnev • 1982-1984 – Yuri Andropov • 1984-1985 – Konstantin Chernenko • 1985-1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev • (1991-1999) – Boris Yeltsin • (1999- Present – Vladimir Putin

4. Soviet Bloc • Détente: “cooling of tensions” • Bloc: “A group of nations, parties, or persons united for common action” • Thus, Soviet Bloc = USSR + Homies • Khrushchev gets cut in ’64 • Replaced by Brezhnev • He gets to make the USSR look good to the West while maintaining and strengthening control over Eastern Europe • ’65 – Ceausescu (Romanian leader) defies Comecon plan to develop agriculture over industry, allows Western involvement • Moscow is alright with it because Romania was always loyal to USSR – later became most Stalinist society in Eastern Europe

6. Prague Spring • 1968 -Czechoslovakia presented a problem • Alexander Dubček became party secretary and made liberal reforms – censorship was abolished and noncommunist organizations were allowed = potential for political opposition • “socialism with a human face” – freedom of press, movement, speech were to be guaranteed • Nomenklatura (appointing bureaucrats only from party membership) to be abolished • Soviets scared of Domino Theory – if we let Czechs go, will Ukrainians et al.?

7. Czechoslovakia was essential to Soviet security, thus, USSR invades • Soviets send huge invasion force – ¼ million troops, 7500 tanks, 1000 aircraft • Only 80 Czechs were killed & Dubček gets replaced • 1969 - Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Union gets to intervene if necessary to protect socialism and stop counter-revolution = Soviets occupy the Bloc

8. Poland…again • Gomulka – Polish leader – wanted economic but not political reform • 1968 – anti-Soviet demonstrations in Warsaw by students • Comparison to Tiananmen Square? • Students were resented because of privilege thus public supported Gomulka and police action • Also rallied anti-Semitic sentiments – Gomulka would rather split Poland than anger Moscow • 1970 – Prices had to be raised as economy worsened • Strikes spread from Gdansk (Danzig) • Gomulka gets replaced by Gierek, Polish government can control population again – but economic problems persist

9. China • Sino-Soviet power struggle • Moscow was capital of world communism but China had different ideas • China wanted to initiate its own policies regarding Third World and was angry about dependence on USSR for arms • Chinese attack Soviets in 1969 & Soviets reinforce Eastern borders • Americans- opportunity to rebuild relationship with China – relax trade and travel restrictions • Chinese let American table-tennis team compete in China: Ping-Pong Diplomacy • US doesn’t pressure UN when Nationalist China (Taiwan) replaced by Communist China in Security Council • US backs Pakistan (enemy of India, China’s enemy) in a war that creates Bangladesh • Nixon decides to visit China – 1972 • They agree upon “joint opposition to attempts by outside nations at establishing hegemony in East Asia” – basically tells the USSR that this is Beijing’s ‘hood

11. US Involvement in Vietnam • Begins in 1950 when US starts assisting French war effort • 1954 – over 80% of French budget from US (French defeat at Dien Bien Phu) • 1957 – Eisenhower applies Domino Theory to Indo-China – if US didn’t get involved, all of Southeast Asia would become communist • Vietnam War – 1959 to 1975 – 16 years and 55,000 dead Americans later, the US ends up withdrawing and Vietnam becomes communist anyways • In late ‘60’s over half a million US troops deployed • By 1967 more bombs fell on Vietnam (and Laos, and Cambodia) than fell on Europe during WW2

12. Johnson declared war on poverty – US economy couldn’t support both wars Economy starts to decay Vietnam war occurs in the middle of civil rights, womens’, environmental movements Draft dodgers – people that moved away (usually to Canada) to avoid having to fight Huge anti-war protests occurred - Kent State – Nat’l Guard attacks and kills four university students protesting the Vietnam War 1968- Tet Offensive – Viet Cong (VC) attack on US bases – military failure but this attack + limited public support = Nixon gets elected as he promises to withdraw

15. Tet Offensive 1968

16. My Lai Massacre

17. Kent State University, 1970

19. Johnson does not run for re-election in the 1968 campaign • Nixon promises to get America out of Vietnam

20. Hearts and minds

22. Used by NVA as route for troops to get into South. • As a supply route – for weapons, food and equipment. • Ran along the Laos/Cambodia and Vietnam borders and was dominated by jungles. • In total the ‘trail’ was about 1,000 kilometres in length and consisted of many parts. • http://youtu.be/poE_nNW9-yk

23. Fall of Saigon, 1975

26. 1960s issues

28. "Fortunate Son" is a song by Creedence Clearwater Revival in 1969. • song symbolizes thoughts of a man who is being drafted. This spoke out against the war in Vietnam, but was supportive of the soldiers fighting there. Like many CCR fans, most of the soldiers came from the working class, and were there because their parents didn't have connections who could get them preferential treatment • It is sung from the perspective of one of these men, who ends up fighting because he is not a "Senator's son" or a "Fortunate one." • Fogerty performed the song in front of President Bill Clinton and a national TV audience on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the "America's Millennium" show on December 31, 1999.

29. Detente • Détente was a permanent relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War rather than just a temporary relaxation (the so-called "thaw"). Detente is a term usually associated with the relations between America, Russia and China.  The 1970’s witnessed detente. Why?  • 1) The horrors of Vietnam shocked people.  • 2) There was a growing fear of a nuclear holocaust especially with the growth in those countries that had nuclear weapons. Also both USA and USSR had huge stockpiles of weapons. • Why did all 3 major powers want to pursue detente ? • China - she was fearful of her isolation in the world. She was also fearful of what USA had done in Vietnam.  China’s stockpile of nuclear weapons was a lot smaller than that of USA. China was also worried by her worsening relations with USSR. • Détente was a permanent relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War rather than just a temporary relaxation (the so-called "thaw"). Detente is a term usually associated with the relations between America, Russia and China.  • USA - she realised that there were better ways of containing communism than the ways that she done in previous years. She was also aware of the massive cost of weapons production and maintaining a huge armed force. A peaceful relationship with the USSR would be very beneficial to USA especially after the cost of the Vietnam War. • USSR - USSR was spending a huge amount on weapons at the expense of basic household goods. Living standards were poor and USSR was also aware that her relationship with China was far from good while USA was trying to improve hers with China. • How did the world's major powers attempt to ease world tension?

30. Détente- • USSR and USA: • 1963 - hot-line established after Cuban Missile Crisis •                     1963 - both agreed to only use underground tests for nuclear explosions • 1969 - Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) start • 1972 - Richard Nixon, USA president, visited Moscow • 1973 - Leonid Brezhnev, USSR leader, visited Washington •                     1974 - Nixon visited Moscow • 1975 - Helsinki Agreement — USA, USSR, Canada + major European powers accept European frontiers set up after World War Two. This recognised that Germany was divided and East European countries agreed to allow their people human rights such as freedom of speech. • China and USA: • USA had backed the Chinese Nationalists in Taiwan since their fall in 1949  and had fought Communist China on behalf of the U.N. in the Korean War. In 1971 a move was made to improve relationships when China invited an American  table tennis team to China. Hence the term "ping—pong" diplomacy. USA’s response was to support China’s entry into the U.N., something she had always vetoed. In October 1971, China entered the U.N. Presidents Nixon and Ford both visited China though USA kept a massive naval fleet off of Taiwan. In December 1978, America's President Carter withdrew recognition of Taiwan. • China and Russia: • Relations between these two nations had soured in the late 1950’s over ideological matters. Both communist states accused the other of "revisionism", or moving away from pure communism. Both clashed over their borders and China has always asked for the return of land taken by the USSR in the C19. The territorial issue combined with the ideological issue has done little to ease problems between the two and both tried to develop better relationships with America than the other had.

31. Nuclear Arms Race • Soviets had conventional arms (men, tanks, ships) superiority during and after WW2 • USA had nuclear monopoly until 1949 (deterrent) and superiority until 1970’s • They had figured out the bomb, but not how to drop it – Rockets • Most of the info used for missile construction on both sides was captured from Germany – Nazi nukes • Mutually Assured Destruction

32. Space Race • 1957 – Sputnik 1 • JFK – “By the end of the decade we will have a man on the moon” – Armstrong in ‘69 • 1958 -Khrushchev bluffs about Soviet arms superiority to US in order to get Berlin • By now the US had the U2 and was using it – Gary Powers • Gary Powers shot down over USSR • Bluff gets called • 1961 – Yuri Gagarin – first human in space • Later in 1961 – Alan Shepard gets into space • 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis – attempt to recover the gap by placing missiles in US backyard • By 1964 US had the Polaris missile – had the capability to nuke any point on Earth

33. Bomb Words • ICBM – Intercontinental Ballistic Missile • SLBM – Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile • MIRV – Multiple Independently Targeted Re-Entry Vehicle (basically more than one warhead, going to different places, but using the same missile) • ABM – anti-ballistic missiles – intercept & destroy incoming missiles before reached targets • MAD – mutually assured destruction • First Strike Capability – allow a country a nuclear blow so as to eliminate a retaliatory strike – that purpose behind stealth bombers, cruise missile, etc…

34. PARTIAL TEST BAN TREATY 1963- U.S. & USSR agree on limiting nuclear testing in the atmosphere, under water, & in outer space • OUTER SPACE TREATY 1967 – US, USSR, GB • No placing nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or to otherwise station them in outer space. • limits use of Moon and other celestial bodies to peaceful purposes and prohibits use for testing weapons of any kind, conducting military manouevers, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications • NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY 1968 – U.S., USSR, GB 1970 – 97 Countries agree to limit nuclear fraternity to those currently in possession of nukes (China & France – no sign)

35. SALT I • NaCl ? • 1972 • STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS - SALT • LIMITS PLACED ON NUCLEAR WEAPONS • AGREEMENT B/T PRESIDENT NIXON & BREZHNEV • DID NOT STOP ARMS RACE • FIVE YEAR LIFE SPAN FOR THE AGREEMENT

36. CRUISE MISSILE • a guided missile with a jet propulsion system to allow sustained flight. • Cruise missiles are, in essence, unmanned aircraft. • They are generally designed to carry a large conventional or nuclear warhead many hundreds of miles with excellent accuracy. • Modern cruise missiles normally travel at high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating, and fly low in order to avoid radar detection.

37. SALT II • TALKS BEGAN IN 1974 • AGAIN TO LIMIT STRATEGIC MISSILE BUILD UP • SALT II CRITICIZED BY US SENATE & SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN = NO RATIFICATION

38. STAR WARS (AKA SDI) • STRATEGIC DEFENCE INITIATIVE (SDI) • A DEFENSIVE SHIELD WHICH WOULD DESTROY INCOMING MISSILES • NUCLEAR UMBRELLA • SCARED THE SOVIETS

40. ARMS RACE CONT… • 1979-85 ARMS RACE ESCALATES • SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN • REAGAN –’EVIL EMPIRE’ • NATO IN WEST EUROPE

41. START • STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TALKS (START) • BEGAN IN 1981 • AN EFFORT TO REDUCE NUMBER OF BALLISTIC MISSILES & NUCLEAR WARHEADS • NO PROGRESS HERE UNTIL GORBACHEV IN POWER IN 1985

42. INTERMEDIATE-RANGE NUCLEAR FORCE (INF) TREATY • 1987 • Called for destruction of 1600 Soviet missiles & 400 US missiles • Established a system for on-site verification • Start of better relations

43. Reagan and Gorbachev • NEW ERA OF DÉTENTE 1985-1989 • SUMMIT MEETINGS • 1986-REYKJAVIK- ARMS REDUCTIONS PROPOSALS BY 50% & LIMIT SDI TESTING • 1987-WASHINGTON – SIGNED INF TREATY = DESTRUCTION OF MISSILES !!! • 1988- MOSCOW - GORBACHEV PROMISED ARMS REDUCTION OF 10, WITHDRAWAL OF TROOPS FROM E. EUROPE & GONE FROM AFGHANISTAN = GLASNOST