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Understanding Enzymes: Temperature, pH, and Active Sites in Biological Reactions

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, lowering the energy needed for chemical reactions. The active site is the specific region where substrates bind, and its functionality is significantly affected by temperature and pH levels. Optimal temperature and pH for enzyme activity generally fall within a specific range, where deviations can lead to enzyme denaturation. Enzymes, named for their substrates, play crucial roles, such as lactase breaking down lactose into glucose and galactose. This guide provides insights into how enzymes and substrates interact and the factors affecting their efficiency.

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Understanding Enzymes: Temperature, pH, and Active Sites in Biological Reactions

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  1. Enzymes Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 Area on a an enzyme where the substrate binds ActiveSite pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that acts as a Biological Catalyst (Lowers the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction) Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction 1

  2. Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 Which Substrates will work with this enzyme? Which Substrates will work with this enzyme? pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that acts as a Biological Catalyst (Lowers the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction)

  3. Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that acts as a Biological Catalyst (Lowers the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction)

  4. Enzymes and Substrates fit like a lock and a key! Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 ! pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that acts as a Biological Catalyst (Lowers the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction) 2

  5. Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 Substrate pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that acts as a Biological Catalyst (Lowers the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction) Enzyme- Substrate Complex: When Enzyme and substrate combine to perform a chemical reaction 2

  6. Enzymes + Substrates = Products Temperature WARNING: Chemical Reaction In progress!!! WARNING: Chemical Reaction In progress!!! 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 Products pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme 3

  7. Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 + ____________ pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme + Substrate = Products (Enzyme- Substrate Complex)

  8. Enzymes are named after the substrates they build or break apart Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 Lactose pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Lactase

  9. Enzymes are named after the substrates they build or break apart Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 Lactose pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Lactase 4

  10. Enzymes are named after the substrates they build or break apart Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 Lactose Glucose Galactose pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Lactase Lactase breaks down Lactose into simpler sugars 4

  11. Changes in Temperature & pH change the shape of the active site Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that acts as a Biological Catalyst 5

  12. Changes in Temperature & pH change the shape of the active site Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that act as a Biological Catalyst 5

  13. Changes in Temperature & pH change the shape of the active site Substrate can no longer bind… Therefore no reaction can take place Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that act as a Biological Catalyst 6

  14. Substrate can no longer bind… Therefore no reaction can take place Temperature 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 pH 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme: Protein that act as a Biological Catalyst

  15. DENATURE: Changes in Temperature & pH change the shape of the active site & the enzyme no longer works. Temperature Products 100 - 90 - 80 - 70 - 60 Substrate pH ActiveSite 12 - 10 - 8 - 6 - 4 Enzyme Enzymes are named after the substrates they build or break apart

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