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Urinary System

This comprehensive overview explores the anatomy of the human urinary system, focusing on the kidneys' structure, including the cortex, medulla, and hilus, as well as the nephron, which serves as its functional unit. We compare the characteristics of proximal and distal tubules, highlighting their differences in lumen size, cellular composition, and abundance. Additionally, we examine the ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra, detailing their structural features like transitional epithelium and smooth muscle layers. This guide is essential for understanding renal physiology and urinary function.

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Urinary System

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  1. Urinary System

  2. Kidney A = cortex B = medulla Arrow = hilus

  3. The functional unit is the nephron

  4. Arrow = capsule Arrowheads = renal corpuscles

  5. Comparison of proximal and distal tubules •Proximal tubule •Large diameter lumen •More eosinophilic •Lumen often stellate •Brush boarder visible •Fewer nuclei seen in cross section •More abundant than D.T. •Distal tubule •Smaller dia. Lumen •Less eosinophilic •Lumen circular •Brush boarder not visible •More nuclei seen in cross section •Less abundant than P.T

  6. Arrowheads = proximal tubules

  7. A = distal tubules

  8. Ureter Arrowhead = blood vessels Arrow = adipose tissue in adventitia

  9. Double nuclei in cell of transitional epithelium

  10. Urinary Bladder Arrowhead = serosa Arrow = smooth muscle

  11. Note highly cellular submucosa

  12. Bladder in relaxed state

  13. Slightly more filled bladder

  14. Urethra Arrowhead = lamina propria Arrow = muscularis

  15. Arrow = transitional epithelium Arrowhead = lamina propria M = muscle

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