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BDC 211 Vertebrate Diversity

BDC 211 Vertebrate Diversity. Schedule. Theory & Practical handouts Get from Mrs van Heerden (at lunchtime 12.30-14 h) Essay: Your literature research should cover the following aspects: Distribution Taxonomy Morphology (including distinguishing features)

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BDC 211 Vertebrate Diversity

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  1. BDC 211Vertebrate Diversity

  2. Schedule

  3. Theory & Practical handouts Get from Mrs van Heerden (at lunchtime 12.30-14 h) Essay: Your literature research should cover the following aspects: • Distribution • Taxonomy • Morphology (including distinguishing features) • Ecology and/or Physiology: two interesting facets of the group or members of the group. Evaluation: Final mark = Practical (40%) + Theory (20%) + Exam (40%) Practical = Dissections (10%) + Worksheets (10%) + Prac exam (20%) Theory = Essay (10%) + Test (10%)

  4. Recommended Textbooks • Hickman CP, Roberts LS, Keen SL, Eisenhour DJ, Larson A, l’Anson H. 2011. Integrated Principles of Zoology. 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 918 p. • Hickman CP, Roberts LS, Keen SL, Larson A, Eisenhour DJ. 2008. Animal Diversity. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 480p. • Miller SA, Harley JP. 2010. Zoology. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 592 p. • Kardong KV. 2009. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill. 779 p. • Pough EH, Janis CM, Heiser JB. 2009. Vertebrate Life. 8th ed. San Francisco: Cummings. 736 p.

  5. Chordate diversity

  6. Number ofspecies From: Kardong, 2009

  7. Chordate characteristics • The chordates share five features: • Notochord • tubular dorsal nerve tube • Pharyngeal slits • Endostyle or thyroid glands • Postanal tail • Only in embryo or persist in adult – distinguish chordates from all other phyla From: Kardong 2009

  8. Animal size From: Hickman et al. 2011

  9. Architecture of Animal Organization 1 Five grades of complexity: • Protoplasmic: unicellular organisms • Cellular: aggregation of cells functionally differentiated • Cell-tissue: aggregation of similar cells • Organs: several tissues for common function • Organ systems: cooperation of organs for common function From: Hickman et al. 2011

  10. Architecture of Animal Organization 2 Organ systems serve 11 basic functions • 3 Structural: skeletal, muscular, integumentary • 4 Metabolic: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory • 3 Integrative: nervous, endocrine, immune • Reproductive Every animal is a functional solution about how to live and how to survive.

  11. Notochord • Rod-like, flexible structure dorsal along longitudinal axis of the body • Dorsal of alimentary canal after: Kardong 2009

  12. Notochord structure • Core of cells and fluid, encased in fibrous connective tissue sheath • Hydrostatic organ, provides support, but is flexible, and allows swimming motion through lateral pressure against the surrounding substrate • In vertebrates the vertebral column replaces function of the notochord, but the notochord serves as a scaffold for the growing body of the embryo From: Hickman et al. 2011

  13. Dorsal tubular nerve cord • In Chordates, the nerve cord develops from dorsal ectodermal cells that form an invagination and sink inward • Dorsal of and parallel to notochord • Chordate nerve cord is hollow (neurocoel) and is filled with fluid • In vertebrates anterior end enlarged to form brain • (Cf. Invertebrates: nerve cord mostly ventral to gut and solid) after: Kardong 2009

  14. Development of vertebrate neural tube From: Hickman et al.2011

  15. Pharyngeal slits • Pharynx is part of the digestive system and have a series of longitudinal slits at some stage of the development • Water → mouth → pharynx → pharyngeal slits (filter food, gas exchange) • Postanal tail • All chordates have a posterior elongation of the body behind the anus. The tail fulfils an important role in locomotion in water after: Kardong 2009

  16. Endostyle or thyroid gland • The endostyle or its derivate occurs in all chordates but in no other animals • Endostyle in the pharyngeal floor of protochordates secretes mucus that traps small food, secrets iodinated proteins • Homologous with thyroid gland From: Hickman et al. 2011

  17. Other characteristics • Bilateral symmetry • Fully developed digestive tract, tube in tube • Well-developed coelom • Three germ layers • Segmented muscles • Ventral heart with dorsal and ventral blood vessels • Closed blood system • Endoskeleton from cartilage or bone

  18. Chordate classification

  19. Fishes ANAMNIOTA Tetrapods AMNIOTA

  20. Larvae - notochord & nerve cord Adults sessile with tunic Notochord & nerve cord - body length

  21. Cladogram of living Chordates From: Hickman et al. 2011

  22. Number of Vertebrate Species From: Pough et al. 2009

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