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Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity. AP Biology Crosby High School. Anatomical Features of Chordates. Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Muscular post-anal tail. Invertebrate to Vertebrate. Subphylum Urochordata Tunicates (sea squirts) Chordates traits in larval stage
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Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity AP Biology Crosby High School
Anatomical Features of Chordates • Notochord • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord • Pharyngeal slits • Muscular post-anal tail
Invertebrate to Vertebrate • Subphylum Urochordata • Tunicates (sea squirts) • Chordates traits in larval stage • Subphylum Cephalochordata • Lancelets • Sand dwelling suspension feeders
Vertebrates • Neural crest forms part of skeleton • Axial and Appendicular skeleton • Endoskeleton growth • Closed circulatory system w/ ventral chambered heart • Diversity • Gnathostomes • Tetrapods • Amniotes
Jawless Vertebrates • Class Myxini (most primitive) • Hagfish • Cartilage • Notochord attaches muscles • Class Cephalaspidomorph • Lamprey • Feed on blood of fish • Notochord has cartilaginous pipe
Fish • Class Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous Fish • Water flow through swimming or muscular contractions • Large suspension feeders • Most are carnivorous • Good eyesight and nostril cups • Lateral line system • Fertilization
Fish • Class Osteichtyes • Operculum • Swim Bladder • Ray-finned fish • Lobe-finned fish • Muscular pectoral and pelvic fins extend from skeleton • Coelocanths • Lungfish • Gills and lungs
Class Amphibia • Orders • Urodela (Salamander) • Swagger when they walk • Anurans (frogs) • Apodans • Legless and nearly blind • Rely on moist skin for gas exchange • External Fertilization
Amniotic Egg • Contains a shell that retains water • Birds: calcareous (CaCO3) • Reptiles: leathery and flexible • Mammals: Placental sac
Reptiles • Waterproof keratin scales • Lungs • Cold-blooded (ectotherms) • Modern Reptiles • Testudines (turtles) • Squamata (lizards and snakes) • Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)
Birds • Honeycombed bones • Loss of organs • No teeth • Highly developed visual and motor areas • Eggs brooded • Modern Birds • Ratites • Passeriformes
Mammals • Mammary glands • Hair • Endothermic w/ active metabolism • Diaphragm ventilates lungs • Larger brains • Inner ear • Eutherians and Marsupials form placenta
Monotremes (Egg-laying) Marsupials (pouch) Eutherian (Placental) Afrotheria Edentata Chiroptera Lagomorph Rodentia Primates Eutherians Core insectovores Artiodactyls Perissdactyl Cetaceans carnivora Types of Mammals
Primates • Grasping hands and feet • Large brains and short jaws • Flat nails and fingerprints • Opposable thumbs • Modern primates • Prosimians (premonkeys, lemurs) • Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans)
Humans Differ in Major Features • Brain size increased • Jaw shape decreased • Bipedal posture • Reduced size difference in sexes • Key changes in family structure
Hominids • Australopithecines • Australopithicus africanus • Australopithicus afarensis • Homo • Homo habilis • Fashioned tools • Less prognathic jaw and larger brain • Homo erectus • Taller w/ larger brain • Gave rise to Neanderthals