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Inquiry 1 Sedentarization. http://ramonadesignstudio.com/spacesImgs/prehistory03.jpg. http://www.fieldmuseum.org/museum_info/press/images/mammoths_wooly.jpg. http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/11/19/article-1087473-0288208A000005DC-751_468x507.jpg.
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Inquiry 1Sedentarization http://ramonadesignstudio.com/spacesImgs/prehistory03.jpg http://www.fieldmuseum.org/museum_info/press/images/mammoths_wooly.jpg http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2008/11/19/article-1087473-0288208A000005DC-751_468x507.jpg
http://www.cartoonone.it/wp-content/uploads/logo-stone-age.pnghttp://www.cartoonone.it/wp-content/uploads/logo-stone-age.png Neolithic (New Stone Age) Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) http://www.thinkinghistory.co.uk/ActivityBase/Images/WineGumGraphic.jpg
Fertile Crescent: Sedentary people first began building. permanent villages around 8000 BC These lands were fertile. This meant soil was good to grow crops. Agriculture was born! Humans had developed the techniques to cultivate plants.
Palaeolithic people: Considered predators because they constantly searched for food. Forced to abandon temporary shelters so that they could follow the migration of animals (Nomads). Palaeolithic people began populating the Earth in Eastern Africa. Lived in groups of 10 to 30 people. Forced to relocate (move to a new territory) once food supply fell short/in order to keep up with the migration of herds.
They raised livestock such as: cows, pigs, goats. They grew crops such as: wheat and barley. The Palaeolithic Period: Groups of 10-30 people formed small simple communities and travelled together. Communities had no marked borders. Needed to keep relocating. Survival depended on successful hunting (men) and gathering (women).
From nomadic to sedentary life: (From constantly moving around to settling down): Around 8,000 BC humans began to cultivate plants. How did they discover these agricultural techniques? Humans observed that new plants grew where the seeds were left on the ground.
The archaeological Site of EinMallaha: • Ain Mallaha was a Natufian settlement built and settled around 10,000–8,000 BC. • The site is located an area surrounded by hills in Northern Israel; near a lake. • The area was once heavily forested. • The villagers ate lots of meat and fish.
This village showed evidence of Palaeolithic practises (hunted) and Neolithic practises (farmed). • We call this an example of a transition between both periods. • Archaeological evidence indicates that dogs were already a part of human society around the end of the Ice Age. • An elderly human and a 4-5 month old puppy were buried together, 10- to 12-thousand years ago.
How Were Neolithic Villages Organized? Land Development: Farmers settled near fields. Villages were protected by high wall Held 150-200 people Ex: Village of CatalHuyukaround 6,000 BC It is located in Turkey.
One of the world’s oldest villages Approx. 7000 people Square or rectangular houses Attached houses No streets Painted frescos decorated interior walls
Neolithic people produced many sculptures of plump women (I.e. Mother goddess). Women were valued because they ensured the survival of the group by bearing children. Humans started to claim ownership of land as soon as they began growing crops (Protected crops from thieves). Fertile land was valuable. Claiming fertile land sometimes led to conflicts.
What is a skilled trade? Skilled trade – A job that is carried out by someone who has the capacity to do something well; technique, ability. Skills are usually acquired or learned.
Population Increase: Farming and livestock breeding ensured a constant food supply. More food meant families could grow in numbers. Social Division of Labour (jobs): Men and women performed different tasks. Complex (challenging) tasks were assigned to specific individuals. These individuals had to leave agriculture to perform these tasks. Examples of such skilled trades are: mining, basketry, pottery, weaving and metallurgy.
Specialized skill led to new social groups; such as soldiers, miners, and skilled artisans. Once they made it, they could trade it! Artisans made bricks, containers, baskets, tools and fabrics. Trade: Food surpluses led to trade within the village itself and between different regions. I.e. vegetables were traded for tools.
Commercial Trade: Merchants travelled 100s km to trade with other regions. (Bartered) traded objects for other objects. Bartering does not involve money.
Political power: We needed to be well-coordinated and well-organized to clear land, irrigate fields, harvest crops, etc. Neolithic villages were politically organized Two (2) models can be considered:
1st Model: Strong Central Authority: • A single leader, advised by his close family • Controlled the village; coordinated all work. 2nd Model: Village Council: • This group of men, which was formed by the heads of each family, held meetings to make important decisions.
Emergence of Social Hierarchy: Some jobs required special skills. Skilled jobs were valued. Having villagers who mastered these skills was important because they knew how to perform a specific service or task well. Skilled workers had more power than peasants.
