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AP Human Geography REVIEW

AP Human Geography REVIEW. Types of Projections. Mercator projection. Goode’s Homolosine Projection. Robinson Projection. Azimuthal or North Polar Projection. Small Scale vs. Large Scale Maps. Small Scale Maps Bigger # = Smaller fraction (ex. 1:1,000,000) Shows: A “zoomed out” view

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AP Human Geography REVIEW

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  1. AP Human GeographyREVIEW

  2. Types of Projections Mercator projection

  3. Goode’s Homolosine Projection

  4. Robinson Projection

  5. Azimuthal or North Polar Projection

  6. Small Scale vs. Large Scale Maps • Small Scale Maps • Bigger # = Smaller fraction (ex. 1:1,000,000) • Shows: • A “zoomed out” view • Bigger area • Less detail • Large Scale Maps • Smaller # = Larger fraction (ex. 1:10,000) • Shows: • A “zoomed in” view • Smaller area • More detail

  7. Tobler’s Law • The first law of geography according to Waldo Tobler is "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.” • Describes the idea of friction of distance. • Distance itself hinders interaction; the farther the 2 places are apart, the greater the hindrance. • For example, you might walk a couple of blocks to buy a sandwich, but you wouldn’t walk all the way across town.

  8. Distance Decay Effect • Distance and interaction are inversely proportional (one goes up while the other goes down). • The shorter the distance, the more likely interaction will occur; the greater the distance, the less likely interaction occurs. • Relative distance - measured in time and cost of travel; transferability.

  9. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? • Population concentrations • Two-thirds of the world’s population are in four regions: • East Asia • E. China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan • South Asia • India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka • Southeast Asia • Islands like Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Philippines • Europe • Western & Eastern Europe, Western Russia

  10. World Population Cartogram Fig. 2-1: This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area.(Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)

  11. Where Is the World’s Population Distributed? • Population density-see p.51-53 • Arithmetic density-total # of people divided by total land area; also called population density • Physiological density-# of people supported by a unit of arable land • the higher the physiological density, the greater the pressure that people place on the land to produce enough food. • Agricultural density-# of farmers per unit of arable land • MDCs usually have lower agricultural densities b/c finance and technology allow fewer people to farm larger land areas.

  12. Population Pyramids See p.64 Figure 2-16

  13. Center of Population in the U.S. Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the population migration west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

  14. Intraregional Migration in the U.S. Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

  15. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? • Indo-European languages • English is a part of the Indo-European language family-collection of languages related through a common ancestor • Language branch = collection of related languages • Indo-European = eight branches • Four branches have a large number of speakers: • Germanic • Indo-Iranian • Balto-Slavic • Romance

  16. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? • Indo-European languages • A language group -collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. • For example, West Germanic is the group within the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family to which English belongs.

  17. Why Is English Related to Other Languages? • Kurgan hearth theory • Marija Gimbutas • Hearth-present day Russia and Kazakhstan, c.4300 BC • “Nomadic warrior” theory-domesticated horses and cattle, moved to find grasslands, conquered land using their horses c.3500-2500 BC • Anatolian hearth theory • Colin Renfrew • Hearth-eastern Anatolia (Turkey), 2000 years before Kurgans • “Sedentary farmer” theory-language diffused through agricultural practices rather than military conquest, was successful b/c its speakers were more numerous due to their settled farming

  18. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed? • Classification of languages • Indo-European = the largest language family • About 50 percent of the world’s population speaks an Indo-European language • Sino-Tibetan = the second-largest language family • About 25 percent of the world’s population speaks a Sino-Tibetan language • Mandarin = the most used language in the world

  19. Why Do People Preserve Languages? • Preserving language diversity • Extinct languages • 473 “endangered” languages today • Examples • Reviving extinct languages: Hebrew • Preserving endangered languages: Celtic • Multilingual states • Walloons and Flemings in Belgium • Switzerland • Isolated languages • Basque • Icelandic

  20. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? • Multinational states • Multiethnic state • A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity • Example: the United States • Multinational state • A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national identity • Example: the United Kingdom • Example: Russia (the largest multinational state) • Revival of ethnic identity

  21. Enclave – A country or part of a country that is surrounded by another. However, an enclave does not have political affinity to the surrounding state. Also, an enclave does not belong to another country. For example, the Vatican City is an enclave of Rome. The Vatican City has its own government and is independent from Rome and Italy. Therefore, it is not bound by the rules of Rome, as well as the rules of Italy.

  22. Exclave – An exclave is part of a country that is or almost completely separated from the main part of the country. Alaska is an example of an exclave. Although it is separated form the U.S., it shares boundaries with Canada. Another example is Hawaii, which is completely separated from the U.S. by the Pacific Ocean.

  23. Types of boundaries • Antecedent Boundary • A boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area... • Ex: Himalayan Mountains between China and India; Pyrenees Mountains between Spain and France • Subsequent Boundary • A boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes... • Ex: China and Vietnam/ Germany and Poland/ Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland • Superimposed Boundary • A boundary that is imposed on the cultural landscape which ignores pre-existing cultural patterns (typically a colonial boundary) • Ex: North Korea/ South Korea boundary • Relic Boundaries • Old political boundaries that no longer exist as international borders, but that have left an enduring mark on the local cultural or environmental geography • Ex: Berlin Wall/ the Great Wall of China

  24. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems? • Electoral geography • Boundaries within the United States are used to create legislative districts • Gerrymandering-process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitting the party in power.

  25. The Heartland TheoryDefinition - In 1904, Sir Halford Mackinder published the Heartland theory. The theory proposed that whoever controls Eastern Europe controls the Heartland. It also supported the concept of world dominance.Explanation - A more revised version explains that whoever controls the heartland, controls the world island. Whoever controls the World Island, will soon rule the world. In other words, the group or nation who dominates the heartland, can then extend its domination over a far wider area. The heartland has primarily been Central Asia, the high seas, and Eurasia.Example - The Nazi party was in favor of the concept during World War II. The idea was very popular with the party, and they sought to achieve it. Also, the theory was accepted by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Each nation made great territorial strides toward the heartland, but to no avail.

  26. The Rimland TheoryDefinition - In 1942, Nichols Spykman created a theory which countered Mackinder’s Heartland theory. Spykman stated that Eurasia’s rimland, the coastal areas, is the key to controlling the World Island.Explanation - The rimland contains the Heartland. Whoever would control the rimland, would eventually control the World Island. Whoever would control the World Island would soon control the world.Example - His theory was influential mainly during the Cold War. The Soviet Union desired to control the rimland around them. If accomplished, the Soviet Union would control the heartland, rimland, and the World Island.

  27. Wallerstein's World Systems TheoryDefinition - The basic World-systems approach is a view of the recent five countries of world history, as well as ideas by several theorists, to studying international relations, world history, and sociology. The world-systems theory was proposed by world-systems analyst Immanuel Wallerstein.Explanation - Immanuel Wallerstein proposed that the world system as a set of mechanisms which distributes resources from the periphery to the core. He stated that the core is the more developed, industrial part of the world, and the periphery is typically the raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world. The market being the means by which the core exploits the periphery. Wallerstein evaluates the World System as, “A system is defined as unit with a single division of labor and multiple cultural systems.” In the current world system, the United States is the key core country.

  28. Borchert’s Epochs of Transportation

  29. Central Place Theory

  30. Concentric Zone Model • Concentric zone model • Created in 1923 by E.W. Burgess; a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings

  31. Sector Model • Sector model • Created in 1939 by Homer Hoyt; a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings

  32. Multiple Nuclei Model • Multiple nuclei model • Created in 1945 by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman; a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.

  33. Model of a Latin American City

  34. Peripheral Model (Galactic City model) Fig. 13-19: The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

  35. Crop Hearths Figure 10-2

  36. Animal Hearths Figure 10-3

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