World War 1

1. World War 1 Chapter 21

2. SHORT & LONG Term Causes • M • A • N • I • A

3. Militarism • Alliances • Nationalism • Imperialism • Assassination

4. Archduke Francis Ferdinand • June 28, 1914, Ferdinand travels to Bosnia • First attempt on his life fails and the conspirators flee • Later in the day a lone assassin stumbles across the Archduke and his wife • Gavrilo Princip, 19 year old Serbian shoots and kills the Archduke and his wife • Princip was a member of a Serbian Nationalist group called “The Black Hand” • Austria-Hungary didn’t know if Serbia was involved and didn’t care

5. Outbreak of War • Austria-Hungary demands that Serbia halt all military action! • Serbia (knowing that Russia was an ally) says no way… • Austria-Hungary tells Germany it needs there help • Germany and Russia are now in a standoff over something that doesn’t involve them • Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Czar Nicholas of Russia are cousins and try to talk the problem down but it is too late, the war machine is in motion

6. Outbreak of War • Germany quickly declared war on its neighbor France • Great Britain in defense of France declared war on Germany • All of Europe was at war within a month of a seemingly minor assassination: The Great War had begun

7. France (FR) Great Britain (GB) Russia (RU) US (much later) Italy (IT) (after they betray A-H) Germany (DE) Austria-Hungary (AH) Bulgaria (BG) Ottoman Empire (OE) Allied Powers Central Powers

8. Page 629-630 • What was the German war plan? • What was the first major battle on the Western Front? • What realization did both sides come to very quickly once the war began? • What was no-mans land? • Explain trench warfare.

9. German War Plan • Schlieffen Plan • Called for Germany to fight a two front war so that its borders were both protected

10. German War Plan

11. Battle of the Marne • DE had invaded FR through BE (much tougher than expected) • As DE pushed into FR they were fought back 40 miles • All sides expected a quick end, they immediately knew they were wrong.

12. Trench Warfare • Each side would dig out long ditches where soldiers would stay for protection. Every so often the enemy would charge through no-mans land to attack. They would be fought off with machine gun fire. Made for very long and drawn out battles. Each side was simply trying to outlast the other.

13. No-Mans Land • Area of land between enemy trenches that had been blown up and destroyed. Usually was full of barbed-wire and land mines.

20. If you survived… • Trench conditions were horrendous • Rats • Disease • Flood waters • Bodies of fallen soldiers remained for days until fighting slowed

21. New Weapons of War • Machine Guns • Tanks • Poison Gas • Submarines • Airplanes

22. Machine Guns

23. Tanks

24. Poison Gas

25. Submarines

26. Airplanes

27. Zeppelin

29. Battles of Somme • DE 5th Army had 1 mill troops in FR fighting about 200,000 FR • 60,000 GB died in 1 day • Nearly 1 mill die over 4 mo. • At Verdun, longest battle of the war, 500,000 dead and another 500,000 wounded

30. SAT Sentence Completion: Although President Wilson wanted the American people to remain neutral in heart and mind, their ______________ soon became ____________ when the US rallied for war against the Central Powers. a. ambivalence…clear b. bias…evident c. apathy…obscured d. indifference… axiomatic e. penchant… vague

31. Wilson’s Policy • Wilson wanted the US to remain neutral • campaign promise • we continued to trade w/ countries on both sides

32. Why was it difficult for many Americans to remain neutral? • 30% of the pop - immigrants or kids of immigrants • still cared about their heritage. • Most sided with the Allies, mostly bc of GB. • shared a culture / language.

33. Germany’s War Plan • DE had built a “war zone” around GB warning that if you sailed into it you were subject to be attacked by their U-Boats. • Wilson was not happy with DE & warned them not to sink US liners.

34. 05/07/15 • DE U-boats sink the Lusitania, a passenger ship carrying civilians (& supplies) • 128 Ams on board die • Wilson demanded DE not sink civilian ships

35. William Jennings Bryan • Sec of State • Argued that Wilson making demands or ultimatums to countries @ war voided US neutrality. • Resigned due to his disagreement w/ Wilson.

36. Sussex Pledge • After the sinking of the Lusitania, Wilson threatened to cut ties w/ DE • DE wanted to keep the US out of the war so they agreed to not sink civilian ships  Sussex Pledge • Truly, the US was not neutral…we sold $500 million worth of arms to the Allies

37. Nat’l Defense Act (1916) • Increased troops to 175,000 w/ a goal of 223,000 (Army) • Nat’l Guard was set at 450,000 • $313 million to build up the Navy • Wilson offered a “peace without victory” but both sides refused

38. US enters the Great War page 635-636 • What did Wilson do in response to Germany resuming Unrestricted Submarine Warfare? • What was the Zimmerman Note? • What argument did Wilson make to Congress to persuade them to declare war? • What was the Selective Service Act?

39. Decoding a Message February 22, 1917 To: von Eckhardt Mexico City British crack top secret code. U.S. press may leak German plot with Mexico. Prepare to leave embassy on short notice.

40. DE resume sub warfare • Wilson armed merchant ships in the war zone • Cut diplomatic ties w/ DE • 5 ships were sunk

41. Zimmerman Note • An intercepted message • from DE to MX • asking for MX assistance • offering NM, TX, & AZ in return

42. Wilson goes to Congress • Wilson asked Congress to declare war, not bc of sub warfare & Zimmerman Note BUT for the betterment of the world.

43. Selective Service Act • Men 21-30 had to register for the draft, later changed to 18-45 • 2.8 million men were drafted • 4.8 million served • 370,000 Afr Ams served • 10,000 Nat Ams

44. US arrives • Training took time, 1st US troops arrive in FR, 06/1917 under Gen. Pershing • As US troop level rose they built docks, RR’s, & phone lines to help troops communicate • Am. women worked hospitals • US ships used a convoy system to cross the Atlantic & not 1 life was lost

45. RU Rev • RU had been badly beaten by GER on the E. Front • Workers in Petrograd protested the excessive waste being used for war • Workers couldn’t afford food & demanded the war end • Czar is overthrown, a provisional gov’t is established • The new Provisional Gov’t makes the mistake of continuing the war, angering the ppl of RU

46. RU Rev • The Bolsheviks (Communists) led by V. Lenin seized power in RU from Provisional Gov’t • Treaty was signed  GER & RU - out of the war by 03/1918 (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) • RU is out of the WWI but would remain in Civil War for 4 yrs • White Army (supported by the allies) wants to restore the Czar v. Red Army (supported by GER) wants Communism to succeed • Communists take over RU and control all major industry from banks, mines, RR’s, & farms.

47. V. Lenin

48. The Bolsheviks

49. The War at Home Cost of War… $35 bill Beating the Central Powers… Priceless • Liberty & Victory bonds • Posters, parades, rallies • Taxes • Fed war bd’s

50. Conserving Resources • Food Administration & Fuel Administration • Regulating production and supply of these resources • 1 - to increase production • 2 - to conserve existing food supplies • Ex. guaranteed farmers high prices