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Second Industrial Revolution

Second Industrial Revolution. Chapter 13, Sections 1 & 2. Second Industrial Revolution. 1860s -1910s 1 st IR – textiles, coal, and iron 2 nd IR – steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum Built upon same reasons for 1 st Industrial Revolution (APCAS) Agricultural methods change

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Second Industrial Revolution

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  1. Second Industrial Revolution Chapter 13, Sections 1 & 2

  2. Second Industrial Revolution • 1860s -1910s • 1st IR – textiles, coal, and iron • 2nd IR – steel, chemicals, electricity, petroleum • Built upon same reasons for 1st Industrial Revolution (APCAS) • Agricultural methods change • Population growth • Capital • Availability of natural resources • Supply of markets

  3. New Inventions • Steel replaces iron • Electricity • Subway (1870) • Alfred Ely Beach • Streetcars (1874) • Steven Dudley Field • Telephone (1876) • Alexander Graham Bell • Light bulb (1879) • Thomas Edison • Radio waves (1901) • Guglielmo Marconi sends first waves across Atlantic • Internal combustion engine • Cars (1886) • Karl Benz • Planes (1903) • Orville and Wilbur Wright

  4. The World Economy • Two sides of Europe • West – Industrialized • East – Still relied on agriculture • Thanks to steamboats, trains, and other forms of transportation, a world economy began to form • Europeans could trade with anyone in the world • Access to regions like South America and East Asia increased

  5. The Working Class and Marxism • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Along with Friedrich Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 • Hated the effect of Capitalism • Developed Marxism • Claimed the working class (Proletariat) would rise and overthrow their oppressors (Bourgeoisie) • Socialist parties that embraced these ideas spread across Europe • Some called for revolutions • Revisionists said they needed to organize, not revolt, in order to gain rights • Trade unions also form, fighting for workers rights within their place of business

  6. Urbanization • Movement from rural areas to urban environments known as urbanization • Large amounts of growth in cities • London in 1800 vs 1900 • 960,000 vs 6,500,000 • Why? • More work, better pay • Living conditions improve • Regulations within cities • Clean water • Better medicine • Still a dirty, dirty place

  7. New Social Structure • New Elite • 5% of population, controlled 30-40% of wealth • Successful industrialists, bankers, merchants, military and political leaders • Middle Classes • 15% of population • Upper and lower middle classes • Upper – doctors, lawyers, business owners • Lower – small shopkeepers, traders, wealthier peasants • Working Class • 80% of population • Skilled and semi-skilled positions • Many worked unskilled labor (farmers, sharecroppers)

  8. Women’s Rights • Gaining jobs • New, low-paying fields begin opening (secretaries, telephone operators, education, health, etc.) • Shortage of male workers • Marriage and family • Fewer children • Improved economic conditions • Birth control • More family time • Christmas holidays begin • 4th of July celebrations in U.S.

  9. Feminism Movement • Feminism, or the movement to gain equal rights for women, gains momentum • Argued for these equal rights using the doctrine of natural rights • Famous Figures • Feminist groups • Emmeline Pankhurst forms The Women’s Social and Political Union • Nursing pioneers • Amalie Sievelking • Florence Nightingale • Clara Barton

  10. Better Education • Primary schools were set up in Europe and the United States • Boys and girls ages 6-12 required to attend • Instructors trained through programs that would ensure their ability to teach • Biggest effect was increase in literacy, or the ability to read and write • Rise of newspapers and magazines followed

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