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Second Industrial Revolution

Second Industrial Revolution. 1871-1914. Age of Steel. Steel stronger and more durable than iron Bessemer Process - produce steel in greater quantities, lower cost William Siemens - introduced steel making process, higher quality, lower costs

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Second Industrial Revolution

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  1. Second Industrial Revolution 1871-1914

  2. Age of Steel • Steel stronger and more durable than iron • Bessemer Process - produce steel in greater quantities, lower cost • William Siemens - introduced steel making process, higher quality, lower costs • Age of Steel led to revolution in architecture (skyscrapers) and shipbuilding

  3. Electricity • Thomas Edison (American) invented light bulb in 1879 • First power station in Great Britain, 1881 • Electrical power spread throughout the continent • Electric lights and night, tramways to improve transportation

  4. Transportation • Rail network expanded • Suez Canal 1869 • Clipper Ships • Ice making machines • Karl Benz invents combustible engine 1885 • Ford (American) built first Model T 1903 • Wright brothers launch first airplane 1903

  5. Communication and Education • Universal public education • Telegraph invented in 1830 • Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell (American) in 1876 Thomas Edison (American) • Motion Pictures, 1890 • Phonographs (records) 1876

  6. Science • Synthetic dyes • Man made fertilizer • Dynamite (Alfred Nobel) • Thermodynamics (James Joule) • X-Rays (William Rontgen) • Radium isolated (Marie Curie) • Quantum Physicist (Max Planck) • Theory of Relativity (Einstein)

  7. Medicine • Anesthesia in surgery Louis Pasteur • Microbes cause disease • Explained how vaccines work • Joseph Lister invents disinfectant • Washing hands prior to delivery of children

  8. Social Class Age of the Middle Class • “Le Belle Epoque”

  9. WWI 1914-1918 Causes: • Alliances • Militarization • Nationalism • Imperialism War ignited over crisis in the Balkans

  10. WWI 1914-1918 Schlieffen Plan • Germany invades France through Belgium • Hoped to knock out France, concentrate on Russia • Failed • Western Front developed into a stalemate • Trench Warfare

  11. WWI 1914-1918 Industrial Revolution Applied to Battlefield • Machine guns • Barbed wire • Heavy artillery • Poison gas • Airplanes • Submarines

  12. WWI 1914-1918 • Russians face huge losses on Eastern Front • Russian Revolution in 1917, Czar abdicates • Provisional government remains in War • Bolshevik Revolution(Communist), led by Lenin, Russia withdraws from War

  13. WWI 1914-1918 American Entry 1917 • Zimmerman Telegram • Lusitania • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

  14. WWI 1914-1918 War Ends 1918 • Wilson's 14 Points Plan Versailles Peace Treaty • Alsace-Lorraine to France • Demilitarization of Rhineland • German military limitations • War Guilt Clause • Reparations • Map of Europe redrawn • League of Nations

  15. WWI 1914-1918 Cost • 9 million killed • 23 million wounded • $338 billion • Influenza outbreak, “Spanish Flu” killed 30 million worldwide

  16. Weimar Republic 1919-1933 • Established in Germany after WWI • Huge debts due to war reparations • Hyperinflation • Challenges from the left and the right

  17. Communist Russia Civil War 1917-1920 • Communist Red Army vs. anti-Communist “White” forces • Red Terror - campaign against political opponents • War Communism - tight control over economy

  18. Communist Russia • After war, Lenin implemented New Economic Policy • Major industries owned by government • Allowed small business to be run by individuals

  19. Communist Russia • After Lenin’s death, Stalin took power • Purged the party of potential rivals, old Bolsheviks, army officers, any one deemed disloyal Five Year Plan 1928 • Centralized plan for economic growth • Nationalized industry • Collectivizationof agriculture • Resisted by kulaks, wealthy peasants, destroyed crops and killed animals • Millions of kulaks killed • Starvation- 10 million die • Russia became a major industrial power

  20. Fascism in Italy • After the war, Italy became a democracy • Benito Mussolini founded National Fascist Party • Paramilitary- Black Shirts • Used black shirts to intimidate government • Mussolini named Prime Minister in 1922 consolidated power, re-wrote Constitution • Il Duce • Lateran Pact 1929, first time Catholic Church recognized the Italian State

  21. German Fascism • Adolf Hitler • Leader of National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi • attempted to seize power in 1923 (Beer Hall Putsch) • Thrown in jail • Wrote Mien Kampf, outlining extremist views

  22. German Fascism • After failed coup, used democratic system to gain power • Paramilitary • Brown Shirts (SA) • Black Shirts (SS) • Used to intimidate rivals

  23. German Fascism • Named Chancellor in 1933 • Used burning of Reichstag as excuse to consolidate power • Enabling Act - emergency powers, combined power of President and Chancellor - The Fuhrer • All other political parties banned • Night of the Long Knives - leaders of SA killed to satisfy fears of army

  24. German Fascism • Propaganda • Hitler Youth • Anti-Semitism • Secret Police • Remilitarized Germany

  25. Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 • Revolt against Republic by army leader Francisco Franco • Supported by Germany and Italy • Testing ground for new weapons - Guernica by Pablo Picassodepicts horror of modern warfare • Franco captured Madrid, Spain became a Fascist nation

  26. Road to WWII 1938-1939 • Germany Invades Austria - Anschluss 1938 Appeasement • Hitler demands Sudetenland • Munich Agreement – “Peace in Our Time • Hitler invades Czechoslovakia

  27. Road to WWII 1938-1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact 1939 • Germans invade Poland • Great Britain, France declare war on Germany

  28. WWII 1939-1945 Blitzkrieg • Mechanized war: tanks, mobile units supported by airplanes • Germany captures Poland, Norway and Denmark • Phony war 1939-1940 with France • France felt secure behind Maginot Line • German use blitzkrieg tactics, avoid Maginot line, France falls

  29. WWII 1939-1945 • Miracle of Dunkirk - British and some French forces escape Germany army Battle of Britain • Aerial bombardment of Great Britain • The Blitz • R.A.F. aided by radar • After heavy losses, Germans suspend bombing

  30. The Holocaust Nuremberg Laws • Jews deprived of citizenship • Star of David Krisallnacht 1938 • “night of broken glass” • Jewish homes and businesses destroyed • 30,000 Jews shipped to concentration camps Wansee Conference 1942 • Nazi leadership plans “Final Solution” to “Jewish Question”

  31. The Holocaust • Jews gathered in Ghettos • Shipped to concentration camps • Forced to perform slave labor • Medical experiments • Given little food, water Death Camps • Systematic murder using poison gas • 6 million Jews and 7 million undesirables killed

  32. WWII 1939-1945 Hitler Invades Russia 1941 • Operation Barbarossa • Drive deep into Soviet Union • German forces reach outskirts of Moscow, Leningrad and Stalingrad • Soviet troops began massive counterattack • German troops retreat

  33. WWII 1939-1945 • German and Italian forces pushed out of North Africa 1943 • Battle of El Alemein • Invasion of Italy • Italy knocked out of war in 1943

  34. WWII 1939-1945 • D-Day Invasion 1944 • Second Front • Allies push toward Berlin • May 1945, Germans surrender

  35. WWII 1939-1945 • 50-60 million killed - Majority civilian • Destruction of major cities • Massive displacement • Nuremburg Trials • United Nations

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