1. The “Second Industrial Revolution” Ch. 26 (pp. 742 – 755)

2. Political and Social Effects of Industrialization

3. Science and the Government • Germany quickly became the world leader in chemicals & explosives • Government-funded research • Cooperation b/t universities & industries

4. Social Changes • Populations rose in industrial nations • Largely due to European and Chinese migrations • Urbanization led to sanitation problems • Upper-Class men & women lived in “Separate Spheres”

5. Labor Movements • In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve: • Working conditions • Hours • Wages • Labor unions fought to defend workers’ interests in negotiations with employers

6. Marx and Socialism • Socialism was an ideology that advocated government protection of workers from the exploitation of property owners • Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) • Best-known socialist • Coauthored the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital • Saw history as a series of clashes b/t classes (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat) • Disapproved of unregulated industrial capitalism

7. Political Reponses to Industrialization • Inresponse to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrialization by promoting various types of reforms • Ex. Expansion of suffrage in Britain, public education, etc.

8. Introduction • “Second Industrial Revolution” • ca. 1850 – 1900 • Led to new methods in production of: • Steel • Chemicals • Electricity • Precision machinery

9. Steel and Chemical Industries • Steel • Hard & elastic form of iron • Previously produced in small quantities by blacksmiths • New inventions meant large quantities at a low cost • Chemicals could now also be mass produced • Synthetic dyes & new organic chemicals

11. Railroads • By the late 19th century, industrial nations were expanding their railroad lines and using steel tracks

12. Railroads in the United States (ca. 1890)

13. Railroads • In the non-industrialized world, railroads were built (often by foreign interests) for business & government • Economic Imperialism • Ex. the British and the United States investing heavily in Latin America

14. Railroads • Consumed huge amounts of land & timber • Opened new lands to • Agriculture • Mining • Human exploitation of natural resources

15. Steamships and Telegraph Cables • 1850, developments in shipbuilding increased average size & speed • Iron (later steel) hulls • Propellers • More efficient engines

17. Electricity • 1870s, inventors created generators that turned mechanical energy into electricity • Alleviated urban pollution • Created a huge demand for copper • Ex. from Chile & Southern Africa