ITALIAN & GERMAN UNIFICATION

1. ITALIAN & GERMAN UNIFICATION

2. Italy • Congress of Vienna solidified patchwork region • Emerging nationalistic groups.

3. Guiseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) • Italian nationalist • Fought for liberal and romantic reasons • founded new organization - Young Italy • focused on revolution and spreading brotherhood of free peoples • felt revolt must come from below • attempted revolutions 1837, 41, 43-4, 48 all fail. • Artistic support • Guiseppe Verdi Messa da Requiem_ II. Tuba Mirum

4. Camillo Benso di Cavour • Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia emerges after 1848 Revolutions • Cavour: Unification from above • chief minister of Piedmont-Sardinia • wily, practical politician • builds economy and political structure • 1858 secret treaty with France, war with Austria • northern Italy elects to join Piedmont.

5. Giuiseppe Garibaldi • Garibaldi’s revolutionary background • Garibaldi and i Mille (the Thousand), aka the red shirts • invaded Sicily with 1000 men • move from south - prove the validity of Mazzini • threat to Rome • surrenders south to Piedmont. Bridge of Teano

6. Sardinian expansion 1859 1860 1866 1870

7. Prussian Reforms after Napoleon • Total destruction of Prussian army triggers reform • Leaders realize a brow beaten army of serfs won’t fight as well as motivated citizens (like the French forces) • Try to create a professional army • Reforms keep power in hands of nobles and king. • Rebellions of 1840 and 1848 Wagner: The Valkyrie

8. Otto von Bismarck(1815-1898) • Conservative, supporter of strong monarch and aristocratic rights • Served as ambassador • Becomes Chancellor in 1862 when William I has problems with the Parliament • Considered the architect of German unification

9. Otto von Bismarck(1815-1898) • Assumed inevitable conflict with Austria over leadership in Germany; wants to prepare for war • Orders collection of taxes without authority! • Uses money for the army • dismisses lower chamber • censorship and fires liberals from government jobs “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions of majorities, but by blood and iron” --Otto von Bismarck

10. Three Wars towards unification • Preliminary diplomatic actions • isolation • notion of real politik • avoidance of being the aggressor • Schleswig & Holstein (1863) • Danish king dies without an heir • Bismarck annexes Denmark • Austria (1866) • series of diplomatic maneuvers • feeling pressured, Austria launches a pre-emptive strike, allied with most south German states. Bismarck, Von Roon, and Moltke

11. Three Wars towards unification • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • Prussian army is quickly assembled and wins decisively • policy of a “soft peace” • Austria loses no land to Prussia • small indemnity • lose Venetia to the Italians • gain the Hungarian throne - done to avoid harsh feelings because Prussia wants Austria as an ally • formation of North German Confederacy (1867).

13. Triumph of Nationalism • Press loves a winner • Heralded as unifier of Germany (previously a liberal idea) • Liberals sacrifice rights for expansion, power and military triumph “Exalt his self esteem toward foreigners and the Prussian forgets whatever bothers him about conditions at home.” Bismarck 1858.

14. Three Wars towards unification • Franco-Prussian War (1870) • Spanish crown becomes vacant • French and Hohenzollerns place claim • Ems Dispatch July 14th, 1870 • French land demands from the Austro-Prussian war • Napoleon III declares war • Prussian and German forces are victorious - siege Paris.

15. Aftermath • France is forced to give up Alsace and Lorraine • France must pay indemnity • Prussia occupies Paris • harsh treatment builds French resentment and leads to WWI • South German states join Prussia - formation of German Empire - January 18, 1871

16. Europe in 1871

17. Diplomatic Tensions • European balance of power is irrevocably altered • Bismarck wants to preserve German power • Forges new alliances • 1873 the Three Emperors League • 1879 Dual Alliance • 1881 Triple Alliance • 1887 Reinsurance Treaty Bismarck and Napoleon III

18. Zionism • Jewish Minority • Did not fit the nation’s identity • Rise of Anti-semitism • Increased violence • Theodor Herzl 1897 • Launched the Zionist movement • Fought to establish a Jewish state in Palestine

19. Latin American Independence • Independence Movements • To create representative governments • freedom of commerce • protection of private property • Constitutions • Create order and representation • Voting rights restricted • Property • Literacy

20. Latin American Independence • Mexico • Miguel Hidalgo 1810 • Augustín Iturbide • South America • Simón Bolivar • 1817-1822 • Victories in Venuzuela, Columbia, and Equador • Region named Gran Columbia • Wanted unity • Regional rivalries and economic competition in 1830s caused separation

21. Latin American Independence • Most movements shared enlightenment ideals • Slavery abolished by 1854 • Problems • Regional rivalries and internal frictions • poor transportation systems • Economies stalled • Years of warfare • Loyalty issues • Caudillos • Leaders disagreed • Strong central government or regional state-based government • Catholic Church • Indecision made this area a target for foreign intervention

22. Moral of the Story • War is easy…nationalism is hard