The French and Indian War

1. The French and Indian War Pittsburgh (Seven Years War)

2. Participants Involved in Seven Years War Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, with allies France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies

3. Reasons for Seven Years War • Continuation of War of Austrian Succession • Abandonment of alliances, formation of new ones. • Austria leaves Great Britain, allies w/ France • Prussia (army) joins Great Britain (navy) • Colonial expansion in N. America by Great Britain and France • Austria & Russia fear Prussian emergence

5. European Kingdoms of 1750s

9. Cause of French & Indian War Study the map and describe one cause of the French and Indian War?

10. Population and Economic Push Into the Ohio Valley Causes of French & Indian War From the Diagram, list two causes of the French and Indian War?

11. The Seven Years War is related to these other conflicts… • King George’s War (1744-48) • Third Silesian War (Austrian Succession) • The French and Indian War Remember, rivalries in Europe always spill over into the Colonies.

12. General Braddock to the Rescue Mission: To rid the Ohio Valley of the French Invaders. Strength: 1400 British Regulars; smaller number of Colonial Militia

14. Braddock “halted to level every mole hill and to erect bridges over every brook by which means we were four days getting twelve miles” (Washington) Braddock’s Dilemma: Tried to fight a European style war in the wilderness of Pennsylvania.

17. Braddock’s force is routed and retreats in disarray. During the battle on July 9th Braddock is mortally wounded. Braddock dies and is buried in the middle of the road he built and the remainder of his army marches over him to hide the grave from the French and their allies.

18. Braddock'sMisson • Failed to secure Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh). • Suffered over 1000 Casualties, including himself. • Washington to the rescue again.

19. Britain Declares War on France • Alliance with Prussia (Germans). • Prussia v France and its Allies in Europe. • Britain fought France in the Caribbean, India, and North America. • British suffer many losses in the early years of the war: Settlements are attacked; lose forts on Lake Ontario and Lake George.

20. Braddock Bungles French Forge Ahead in Upstate New York Frontier Settlements Abandoned New Direction and More Troops Needed

21. Question: What does it take to fight a war? Beans & Bullets Men & Equipment

22. William Pitt The right person at the right time, and in the right place can make all the difference. • Secretary of State • Prime Minister • Military Logistician • Excellent Judge of Military Commanders • Global Thinker

23. Amherst and Wolfe Stem the French Tide Louisbourg Again British Colonials Force the French From Frontenac (Kingston, Ont.) 1758

24. Braddock Avenged: Duquesne Now Ft. Pitt 1758

25. Wolfe Conquers Quebec French Blind-Sided Through the Plains of Abraham 1759

28. September 13, 1759 (250yrs ago) Quebec The Battle of the Plains of Abraham

29. Background • Seven Year’s War – both Europe and North America (1756-1763) • In Canada, early French success, more manpower and forts • Later (1758-1759), British success – more money, soldiers are allotted, power of Royal Navy • By 1759, New France faced odds of nearly 3 to 1 in terms of ships, 4 to 1 in terms of regular soldiers, and 10 to 1 in money

30. Main Players • James Wolfe – commander of British invasion fleet sent to take Quebec • Invasion force = 13,500 men, 4000 in strike force (mostly regular soldiers)

31. Main Players • France – Marquis de Montcalm • Approximately 4500 men (mostly militiamen)

32. Problems with French Defense • West side of city walls facing the Plains of Abraham had no gun reinforcements • Left undefended the south bank of the river opposite the city and shortly after their arrival, the British established batteries there and were able to launch attacks • Under cover of fire, Royal Navy could transport its ships up the river without counterattack

33. Summer 1759 • All summer British took garrisons all around modern day provinces of Quebec and Ontario • Devastated the parishes around Quebec city. On the south shore of the St. Lawrence River, the British destroyed 1000 buildings as well as the Canadiens’ harvest

34. Battle Preparations • Wolfe wanted to force Montcalm into an open, European-style battle, but was running out of time – the Navy had to go back to Britain for the winter • However, he found a small cove called Anse au Foulon from which a narrow goat path led up the steps of the cliff to Quebec garrison • French believed no force could climb the narrow path so left it undefended

35. French Mistakes • French failed to establish a password for a French convoy expected to bring supplies on the night of September 12 • The British attack was a complete surprise – French sentries on the shore thought that the boats gliding past them were part of the French convoy (was actually cancelled) and Wolfe had those soldiers who could speak French answer the French sentries in their own language

36. Ready for Attack • In total, 3 landing ships reached the shore • The advance force of Scottish Highlanders walked up the steep path, two by two, and, without detection, gained the summit of the cliffs and overpowered the French post there

37. Wolfe’s Luck • Wolfe’s risks paid off • The sentries did not recognize the British in time because the convoy had been expected • His difficult landing was successful and without problems

38. The Plains of Abraham • Wolfe deployed 4500 troops on the Plains of Abraham, the grassy field near the unarmed western walls of the fort • Montcalm makes a fatal error- Instead of waiting for Colonel de Bougainville to arrive with 3000 regulars stationed at Cap Rouge, 15 km upstream, he impulsively attacks

39. The Battle Unfolds • British strategies – Three quarters of men deployed in one line in a concentration of firepower • When the French army was only 40m away, the command to fire was given and the French were devastated, their lines in chaos • One volley later, they retreated up the St. Lawrence River • Battle lasted less than 30 minutes • The two forces were numerically equal, however, the British force was composed of regulars and the French, poorly trained militiamen

40. British Casualties • Approximate-ly 650 men • Wolfe was shot and killed on the battlefield

41. French Casualties • Approximately 650 men • Montcalm was also wounded in battle and died from his wounds the next morning • By September 18, the fort at Quebec, short of provisions and soldiers and weakly fortified on its west side, was surrendered

42. Repercussions • The battle was a serious blow to the French, but all was not lost on September 13 • France still controlled the rest of the St. Lawrence valley and its army was still in tact • Contrary to popular belief, the Battle of the Plains of Abraham did not determine New France’s fate. It was a naval battle fought at Quiberon Bay off the coast of France during which the British navy’s destruction of the French fleet later prevented France from sending a rescue force to save Canada, that sealed its fate

43. Repercussions cont’d • During an attempt to recapture Quebec, the French army ran short of ammunitions and supplies and no ship was available to come from France to its aid • Almost one year later, September 18, 1760 – the French surrendered all of New France and the British took the final French stronghold at Montreal

44. Montreal in the Pocket of Amherst French Sue for Peace

45. Amherst gained fame during the Seven Years' War, particularly in the North American campaign known in the United States as the French and Indian War. After he served in Europe in 1757, Amherst led the British attack on Louisbourg in 1758, and as commander-in-chief of the British army in North America, led the successful British conquest of New France. • In 1759, while James Wolfe besieged and eventually captured Quebec with one army, Amherst led another army against French troops on Lake Champlain, where he captured Fort Ticonderoga against little resistance. • On September 8, 1760, he led an army down the Saint Lawrence River from Lake Ontario, and captured Montreal, ending French rule in North America. He infuriated the French commanders by refusing them the "honours of war" (the ceremonial right of a defeated garrison to retain their flags); the Knight of Lévis burned the colors rather than surrendering them. Amherst held the position of military governor of Canada from 1760 to 1763

46. Use of smallpox-infected blankets • The hostility between the British and Native Americans after the French and Indian War led to one of the first documented attempts at biological warfare in North American history. • In response to the 1763 uprising known as Pontiac's Rebellion, Colonel Henry Bouquet wrote to Amherst, his commanding officer, with the suggestion that the British distribute smallpox-infected blankets to Indians. Amherst approved the plan and expressed his willingness to adopt any "other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race." In fact, the commander at Fort Pitt had already attempted this very tactic in June 1763. It is the only recorded case of British soldiers giving smallpox-contaminated blankets to Native Americans

47. 1763 Victory in Our Time Britannia Rules The Waves

48. Peace: Treaty of Paris 1763 • England Receives Canada • French Lands East of the Mississippi • Florida From Spain • Spain Receives Lands West of Mississippi and New Orleans • France allowed to keep Sugar Producing Islands in the Caribbean and fishing in the Grand Banks islands of St Pierre et Miquelon.

49. Peace Treaties Lead to War • Question: Who is especially unhappy about the French loss? • The Native Americans. • British Trappers and Settlers refuse to pay Native Americans for the use of the land in the Ohio Valley • Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa Native people puts together a Native American Alliance and strikes back at the British. • Pontiac fails to capture key terrain. • Pontiac’s War ends in 1765.

50. Cause of the American Revolution Pitt decides to fund the war through the British Treasury and through loans. This relieves the American colonists from fronting the bill for the war. However, after the war is over, Britain must settle its debts and pay for a standing army in America. In order to do this they decide to have the colonists bear some of the burden for their own defense.