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17.3 – Luther Leads the Reformation

17.3 – Luther Leads the Reformation. Causes of the Reformation. Renaissance ideas were challenging Church authority Aided by the printing press – WHY? Various states of Europe made it hard to control, especially in Germany Northern merchants resented paying taxes. Beginnings.

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17.3 – Luther Leads the Reformation

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  1. 17.3 – Luther Leads the Reformation

  2. Causes of the Reformation • Renaissance ideas were challenging Church authority • Aided by the printing press – WHY? • Various states of Europe made it hard to control, especially in Germany • Northern merchants resented paying taxes

  3. Beginnings • Church viewed as corrupt: • Money for wars, pleasurable goods, & the arts • Pope Alexander VI fathers children • Many priests & monks are poorly educated • Men like John Wycliff, Jan Hus, Thomas More, & Desiderius Erasmus fuel these criticisms of the Church

  4. Luther & the 95 Theses • Martin Luther – Professor of Scripture at Wittenberg University • Faith was key to salvation • Luther angered by church practice of selling indulgences (pardons) • Johann Tetzel tricks people into thinking they buying their way into Heaven • Luther responds w/ the 95 Theses • Posts them on the door of a Church & debates them • Beginning of the Reformation • Rise of churches that don’t accept the pope’s authority

  5. Luther’s Teachings • Luther pushed for complete reform of the Church • 3 Main Ideas • 1) Salvation only by God’s forgiveness • 2) All teaching based through the Bible • 3) All people with faith were equal • Ideas spread rapidly & gain many followers

  6. Response • Luther suggests driving out pope by force • 1520: Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther • Luther burns his warnings • Emperor Charles V puts Luther on trial at Worms • Luther refuses to recant • 1521: Edict of Worms • Luther an outlaw & heretic • Luther sheltered by Frederick of Saxony • 1522: Luther established own religious group called Lutherans

  7. Revolt & War • 1524: German peasants revolt against the serfdom • Raid, pillage, & burn monasteries • Luther appalled, calls for princes to crush the revolt • German princes split over teachings • Protestants – Lutheran supporters • Charles V goes to war against the Protestants; fails to bring them back • 1555: Peace of Augsburg • Each ruler would decide their state’s religion

  8. Henry VIII • Devout Catholic • Disagrees w/ Luther’s teachings; named “Defender of the Faith” • Problems: Needed an heir • Didn’t want war & only had a daughter • 1527: Wanted a divorce to have children form another woman • Divorce not allowed, asks for marriage to be annulled • Pope denies annulment, did not want to offend Charles V • Catherine’s nephew

  9. Reformation Parliament • 1529: Asks Parliament to pass laws ending papal power in England • 1533: Marries Anne Boleyn • Parliament approves divorce • 1534: Act of Supremacy passed • Henry named head of the Church of England • Thomas More criticizes Henry; arrested & executed at the Tower of London

  10. Consequences • Anne Boleyn doesn’t have a son; charged w/ treason & beheaded • 1537: Jane Seymour (3rd) births a son, Edward • Jane dies 2 weeks later • Henry marries 3 more times = no more children • 1547: Henry dies, each child will rule England • Protestant reforms added by advisors of Edward VI • Mary returns England to the pope • Executes protestant resistors

  11. Elizabeth I • Wanted a return to Protestantism • 1559: Church of England (Anglican) set-up – Compromise • Protestants: Priests allowed to marry & use English for sermons • Catholics: many traditions kept/revised • Establishes relative religious peace • Faces push for reforms, overthrow attempts, faces money problems • Ideas for American colonies

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