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Full-time vs. Part-time salespeople Thomas R Wotruba. A comparison on job satisfaction, performance, and turnover in direct selling. Jialin & Kewrin. Estimated 2004 U.S. Salespeople13.6 Million. Direct selling sales force US. Direct selling sales force US.
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Full-time vs. Part-time salespeopleThomas R Wotruba A comparison on job satisfaction, performance, and turnover in direct selling Jialin & Kewrin
Research issue • Job satisfaction • Performance • Turnover
Comparison part-timers and full-timers on job satisfaction, performance, and turnover
Comparison part-timers and full-timers on job satisfaction, performance, and turnover
The study Four direct selling companies in the US -Mary Kay Cosmetics -Saladmaster -United Consumers -Tupperware
The study • 1600 respondents • 491 people responded • 32% had quit • 29% full-time 71%part-time • 85% female
The study Variables • Job satisfaction -ten items from the job satisfaction subscales of the job diagnostic survey that is developed by Hackman & Oldham -Seven point rating scales -Covered job aspect : feelings of worthwhile accomplishment, job security, earnings, personal growth, challenging work, freedom of action and desirable social interactions with peers and co-workers.
The study Variable • Performance, was measured by calculating earnings per hour based on 2 separate questionnaire answers -Involved dollar earnings per hour since starting the selling job -Measure of time worked, including number of weeks on the job and number of hours worked per week
The study Variable • Turnover, was measured using a single scale incorporating that both quitting and intentions to quit • Other outsideselling employment
The analysis & result Three outside employment categories: • None • Part-time • Full-time This could be paired with part time or full time status in direct selling
The analysis & result • H1= job satisfaction will be greater for part-time salespeople than for full- time salespeople • H3= Performance will be better for part time salespeople than for full time salespeople • H5= Turnover will be lower for part time salespeople than for full time salespeople
H1= Job satisfaction will be greater for part time salespeople than for full time salespeople
H3= Performance will be better for part time salespeople than for full time salespeople
H5= Turnover will be lower for part time salespeople than for full time salespeople
The analysis & result • H2= Job satisfaction will be greatest for those part time salespeople who do not have other outside employment and will be lower as the extent of other outside employment increases • H4= Performance will be better for those part time salespeople who do not have other outside employment and will be lower as the extent of other outside employment increase • H6= Turnover will be lower for those part time salespeople who do not have other outside employment and will increase as the extent of other outside employment increases
H2= Job satisfaction will be greatest for those part time salespeople who do not have other outside employment and will be lower as the extent of other outside employment increases
H4= Performance will be better for those part time salespeople who do not have other outside employment and will be lower as the extent of other outside employment increase
H6= Turnover will be lower for those part time salespeople who do not have other outside employment and will increase as the extent of other outside employment increases
The findings • Correspond with Eberhart and Shania • Support the arguments Still
The analysis & result • Job satisfaction from the part timers are higher than that from full timers - Involvement in the organizational functioning - Initial expectations
The analysis & result • Performance of part timers are large then full timers especially part time sell people with another job - Priority for pay
The analysis & result • Turnover • It is closely parallel to the results of job satisfaction • There is a higher turnover by part timers or the full timers with other employment
Limitations • The unequal cell sizes • Different operationalization of the variables • Other outside selling
Conclusion • Part time show greater job satisfaction, lower turnover and greater productivity in terms of earnings per hour • Part timers might be more effective in recruiting additional sales personnel >>The downside: -Part timers communication and training cost per sales dollar -Possibly declining productivity gains
Thank You Kewrin Tongtawat & Jia-Lin Chi